JSON Documentation

Table of Contents

1. 1. Overview
   1. 1.1 Introduction
   2. 1.2 Terminology
2. 2. Data Structure: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
   1. 2.1 Entry Metadata: meta
   2. 2.2 Homograph: hom
   3. 2.3 Headword Information: hwi
   4. 2.4 Alternate Headwords: ahws
   5. 2.5 Variants: vrs
   6. 2.6 Pronunciations: prs
   7. 2.7 Labels
      1. 2.7.1 Functional Label: fl
      2. 2.7.2 General Labels: lbs
      3. 2.7.3 Subject/Status Labels: sls
      4. 2.7.4 Parenthesized Subject/Status Label: psl
      5. 2.7.5 Sense-Specific Inflection Plural Label: spl
      6. 2.7.6 Sense-Specific Grammatical Label: sgram
   8. 2.8 Inflections: ins
   9. 2.9 Cognate Cross-References: cxs
   10. 2.10 Sense Organization
       1. 2.10.1 Definition Section: def
       2. 2.10.2 Verb Divider: vd
       3. 2.10.3 Sense Sequence: sseq
       4. 2.10.4 Sense: sense
       5. 2.10.5 Sense Number: sn
       6. 2.10.6 Defining Text: dt
       7. 2.10.7 Divided Sense: sdsense
       8. 2.10.8 Truncated Sense: sen
       9. 2.10.9 Binding Substitute: bs
       10. 2.10.10 Parenthesized Sense Sequence: pseq
   11. 2.11 Verbal Illustrations: vis
   12. 2.12 Attribution of Quote: aq
   13. 2.13 Run-In: ri
   14. 2.14 Biographical Name Wrap: bnw
   15. 2.15 Called-Also Note: ca
   16. 2.16 Supplemental Information Note: snote
   17. 2.17 Usage Notes: uns
   18. 2.18 Undefined Run-Ons: uros
   19. 2.19 Defined Run-Ons: dros
   20. 2.20 Directional Cross-Reference Section: dxnls
   21. 2.21 Usage Section: usages
   22. 2.22 Synonyms Section: syns
   23. 2.23 Quotations Section: quotes
   24. 2.24 Artwork: art
   25. 2.25 Tables: table
   26. 2.26 Etymology: et
   27. 2.27 First Known Use: date
   28. 2.28 Short Definition: shortdef
   29. 2.29 Tokens Used in Running Text
       1. 2.29.1 Formatting and Punctuation Tokens: {b}, {bc}, {inf}, {it}, {ldquo}, {p_br}, {rdquo}, {sc}, {sup}
       2. 2.29.2 Word-Marking and Gloss Tokens: {gloss}, {parahw}, {phrase}, {qword}, {wi}
       3. 2.29.3 Cross-Reference Grouping Tokens: {dx}, {dx_def}, {dx_ety}, {ma}
       4. 2.29.4 Cross-Reference Tokens: {a_link}, {d_link}, {dxt}, {et_link}, {i_link}, {mat}, {sx}
       5. 2.29.5 Date Sense Token: {ds}
3. 3. Data Structure: Other Dictionaries and Thesauruses
   1. 3.1 Entry Metadata: meta
   2. 3.2 IPA and Word-of-the-Day Pronunciations: ipa, wod
   3. 3.3 Geographical Direction: g
   4. 3.4 Synonym Lists: syn_list
   5. 3.5 Synonym and Near Synonym Lists: sim_list
   6. 3.6 Subject/Status Labels for Thesaurus Word: wsls
   7. 3.7 Variants of Thesaurus Word: wvrs
   8. 3.8 Verb Variants of Thesaurus Word: wvbvrs
   9. 3.9 Related Word Lists: rel_list
   10. 3.10 Synonymous Phrase Lists: phrase_list
   11. 3.11 Near Antonym Lists: near_list
   12. 3.12 Antonym Lists: ant_list
   13. 3.13 Antonym and Near Antonym Lists: opp_list
   14. 3.14 Synonym Cross-References: srefs
   15. 3.15 Usage Cross-References: urefs
   16. 3.16 Self-Explanatory List: list
   17. 3.17 Tokens Used in Running Text
       1. 3.17.1 Formatting Tokens: {bit}, {itsc}, {rom}
4. 4. Data Structure: Advanced English Learner's Dictionary
   1. 4.1 Entry Metadata: app-shortdef, highlight
   2. 4.2 Alternate Pronunciations: altprs
   3. 4.3 Grammatical Label: gram
   4. 4.4 Grammatical Label Within a Sense: wsgram
   5. 4.5 Bold-Italic Note: bnote
   6. 4.6 Boxed Supplemental Information Note: snotebox
   7. 4.7 Phrasal Verbs: phrasev, sphrasev
   8. 4.8 Phrasal Verb Subject/Status Labels: phsls
   9. 4.9 Run-On Subject/Status Label: rsl
   10. 4.10 Learner's Dictionary Artwork: artl
5. 5. Data Structure: Elementary Dictionary
   1. 5.1 M-W Verbal Illustration: vimw
   2. 5.2 Inline Hint: hint
   3. 5.3 Hint Paragraph: hintp
   4. 5.4 Headscratcher Paragraph: hs
   5. 5.5 Word Root Paragraph: rootpara
   6. 5.6 Word History Paragraph: history
6. 6. Data Structure: Medical Dictionary
   1. 6.1 Biographical Notes: bios
7. 7. Data Structure: Spanish-English Dictionary
   1. 7.1 Entry Metadata: lang
   2. 7.2 Headword Cutback: hwc
   3. 7.3 Variant Cutback: vac
   4. 7.4 Alternate Inflection: aif
   5. 7.5 Cross-References: xrs
   6. 7.6 Gender Label: gl
   7. 7.7 Gender Forms: gwds
   8. 7.8 Verbal Illustration Translation: tr
   9. 7.9 Alternate Undefined Entry Word: aure
   10. 7.10 Verb Conjugations: cjts

1. Overview

1.1 Introduction

This document provides a reference guide to the Merriam-Webster JSON data format.

The Terminology section contains a helpful glossary of terms used in discussing the structure of Merriam-Webster references.

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary serves as the model reference for all our JSON data sets. Section 2 both documents the JSON structure for the Collegiate and serves as a reference for the common elements used in other data sets.

Section 3 covers other dictionaries besides the Collegiate, documenting those elements not present in the Collegiate but used across multiple titles. Further sections cover data elements unique to the Advanced English Learner's Dictionary, Elementary Dictionary, Medical Dictionary, and Spanish-English Dictionary.

In each major section, an "Example" subsection provides a JSON sample. To aid developers transitioning from our XML format to JSON, this is followed by an "XML Equivalent" subsection showing the XML markup matching the JSON code. Developers who have never worked with our XML data can ignore this section.

Mentions of JSON code or XML <markup> are in a small red font throughout the document. When a JSON type is discussed (eg, object, string, Boolean), a small light blue font is used.

1.2 Terminology

2. Data Structure: Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary

2.1 Entry Metadata: meta

Entry metadata is information about the entry, as opposed to the actual content of the entry. Entry metadata is contained in meta.

Example

The meta section in the second homograph for "battle".

"meta":{
    "id":"battle:2",
    "uuid":"6aaba1f1-f7ca-48ce-b801-f866b41b8988",
    "sort":"020100000",
    "src":"collegiate",
    "section":"alpha",
    "stems":[
        "batteler",
        "battelers",
        "battle",
        "battle it out",
        "battled",
        "battled it out",
        "battler",
        "battlers",
        "battles",
        "battles it out",
        "battling",
        "battling it out"
    ],
    "offensive":false
}
    

XML Equivalent

<meta>
  <id>battle:2</id>
  <uuid>6aaba1f1-f7ca-48ce-b801-f866b41b8988</uuid>
  <sort>020100000</sort>
  <src>collegiate</src>
  <section>alpha</section>
  <stems>
    <st>batteler</st>
    <st>battelers</st>
    <st>battle</st>
    <st>battle it out</st>
    <st>battled</st>
    <st>battled it out</st>
    <st>battler</st>
    <st>battlers</st>
    <st>battles</st>
    <st>battles it out</st>
    <st>battling</st>
    <st>battling it out</st>
  </stems>
</meta>
    

2.2 Homograph: hom

Homographs are headwords with identical spellings but distinct meanings and origins. The hom member contains a homograph number used to mark and distinguish the identically-spelled headwords.

Example

Use of hom to distinguish homograph headwords in a set of four entries. Note that the homograph number is also incorporated into the meta id to ensure a unique value.

{
  "meta":{
    "id":"test:1",
    [...]
  },
  "hom":1,
  "hwi":{
    "hw":"test",
    "prs":[{
      "mw":"\u02c8test",
      "sound":{"audio":"test0001","ref":"c","stat":"1"}
    }]
  },
  "fl":"noun",
  [...]
}, {
  "meta":{
    "id":"test:2",
    [...]
  },
  "hom":2,
  "hwi":{"hw":"test"},
  "fl":"verb",
  [...]
}, {
  "meta":{
    "id":"test:3",
    [...]
  },
  "hom":3,
  "hwi":{"hw":"test"},
  "fl":"adjective",
  [...]
}, {
  "meta":{
    "id":"test:4",
    [...]
  },
  "hom":4,
  "hwi":{"hw":"test"},
  "fl":"noun",
  [...]
}
    

XML Equivalent

Note the homograph number is stored in an {h,#} curly-brace sequence in the headword tag.

<hw>{h,1}test</hw>

2.3 Headword Information: hwi

The headword is the word being defined or translated in a dictionary entry. Key headword information is grouped in an hwi object. This includes the headword itself in the hw member, and may include one or more pronunciations in prs.

Example

An example of hwi in the first homograph of "test".

"hom":1,
"hwi":{
  "hw":"test",
  "prs":[{
    "mw":"\u02c8test",
    "sound":{"audio":"test0001","ref":"c","stat":"1"}
  }]
}
    

XML Equivalent

<hw>{h,1}test</hw>
<pr>{hstres}test</pr>
<sound stat="1" wav="test0001.wav" ref="c"/>
    

2.4 Alternate Headwords: ahws

An alternate headword is a regional or less common spelling of a headword. A set of one or more alternate headwords is contained in an ahws.

Example

The ahws and hwi for "agonise". Note the first hw in an entry will always be in an hwi.

"hwi":{"hw":"ag*o*nise"},
"ahws":[
  {
    "hw":"agonised"
  },{
    "hw":"agonising"
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<hw>ag*o*nise</hw>
<ahw>agonised</ahw>
<ahw>agonising</ahw>
    

2.5 Variants: vrs

A variant is a different spelling or styling of a headword, defined run-on phrase, or undefined entry word. A set of one or more variants is contained in a vrs.

Example

The vrs and hwi for "kabbalah".

"hwi":{
  "hw":"kab*ba*lah",
  "prs":[
    {
      "mw":"k\u0259-\u02c8b\u00e4-l\u0259",
      "sound":{"audio":"cabala02","ref":"c","stat":"1"}
    },{
      "mw":"\u02c8ka-b\u0259-l\u0259",
      "sound":{"audio":"cabala01","ref":"c","stat":"1"}
    }
  ]
},"vrs":[
  {
    "vl":"or less commonly",
    "va":"kab*ba*la"
  },{
    "vl":"or",
    "va":"ka*ba*la"
  },{
    "vl":"or",
    "va":"ca*ba*la"
  },{
    "vl":"or",
    "va":"cab*ba*la"
  },{
    "vl":"or",
    "va":"cab*ba*lah"
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

Note that in XML the main pronunciation for the headword is grouped with the variants, whereas in JSON it is associated with hwi.

<hw>kab*ba*lah</hw>
<vr>
  <vl>also</vl>
  <va>kab*ba*la</va>
  <vl>or</vl>
  <va>ka*ba*la</va>
  <vl>or</vl>
  <va>ca*ba*la</va>
  <vl>or</vl>
  <va>cab*ba*la</va>
  <vl>or</vl>
  <va>cab*ba*lah</va>
  <pr>k{schwa}-{hstres}b{auml}-l{schwa}, {hstres}ka-b{schwa}-l{schwa}</pr>
</vr>
    

2.6 Pronunciations: prs

A pronunciation specifies how a written word is pronounced aloud. A set of pronunciations is encoded in a prs array. Each element represents a distinct pronunciation of a headword or other term.

https://media.merriam-webster.com/audio/prons/[language_code]/[country_code]/[format]/[subdirectory]/[base filename].[format]

Example

A prs with multiple pronunciations in the entry "pajama" of collegiate reference for example. If you were to generate an audio URL for the first sound object below, it would be: https://media.merriam-webster.com/audio/prons/en/us/mp3/p/pajama02.mp3

"hwi":{
  "hw":"pa*ja*ma",
  "prs":[
    {
      "mw":"p\u0259-\u02c8j\u00e4-m\u0259",
      "sound":{
        "audio":"pajama02",
        "ref":"c",
        "stat":"1"
      }
    },{
      "mw":"-\u02c8ja-",
      "sound":{
        "audio":"pajama01",
        "ref":"c",
        "stat":"1"
      }
    }
  ]
}
    

XML Equivalent

<hw>pa*ja*ma</hw>
<pr>p{schwa}-{hstres}j{auml}-m{schwa}, -{hstres}ja-</pr>
<sound stat="1" wav="pajama02.wav" ref="c"/>
    

2.7 Labels

A label provides a brief note on the grammatical function, subject area, register, regional usage, or capitalization of a headword, whether generally or in a particular sense.

2.7.1 Functional Label: fl

The functional label describes the grammatical function of a headword or undefined entry word, such as "noun" or "adjective".

Example

Functional label for the second homograph of "traffic". This makes it clear to the user that the verb "traffic" is being defined.

"hom":2,
"hwi":{"hw":"traffic"},
"fl":"verb"
    

XML Equivalent

<hw>{h,2}traffic</hw>
<fl>verb</fl>
    

2.7.2 General Labels: lbs

General labels provide information such as whether a headword is typically capitalized, used as an attributive noun, etc. A set of one or more such labels is contained in an lbs.

Example

An lbs in the entry for "deco".

"lbs":[
  "often capitalized",
  "often attributive"
],"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "dt":[["text","{bc}{sx|art deco||}"]]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<lb>often cap</lb>
<lb>often attrib</lb>
<def>
  <date>1969</date>
  <sensb>
    <sense>
      <dt>{bc}<sx>art deco</sx></dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
</def>
    

2.7.3 Subject/Status Labels: sls

A subject/status label describes the subject area (eg, "computing") or regional/usage status (eg, "British", "formal", "slang") of a headword or a particular sense of a headword. A set of one or more subject/status labels is contained in an sls.

Example

A pair of subject/status labels in sense 3b of "ginger".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"b",
    "sls":[
      "chiefly British",
      "sometimes offensive"
    ],
    "dt":[
      [
        "text",
        "{bc}a person with red hair {bc}{sx|redhead||1} "
      ],[
        "vis",
        [
          {
            "t":"The Breda Redhead Days festival\u2014which grew out of
            a photo shoot by Dutch artist Bart Rouwenhorst\u2014now
            attracts five or six thousand {wi}gingers{\/wi} from around
            the world.",
            "aq":{"auth":"Bruce Ingram"}
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sense>
  <sn>b</sn>
  <sls>
    <sl>chiefly British</sl>
    <sl>sometimes offensive</sl>
  </sls>
  <dt>{bc}a person with red hair {bc}{sx|redhead||1}
    <vis>
      <vi>
        <t>The Breda Redhead Days festival—which grew out of a
        photo shoot by Dutch artist Bart Rouwenhorst—now attracts five
        or six thousand {wi}gingers{/wi} from around the world. </t>
        <aq>
          <auth>Bruce Ingram</auth>
        </aq>
      </vi>
    </vis>
  </dt>
</sense>
    

2.7.4 Parenthesized Subject/Status Label: psl

A parenthesized subject/status label describes the subject area or regional/usage status (eg, "British") of a headword or other defined term, and is displayed in parentheses. The parenthesized subject/status label is contained in a psl.

Example

An example of psl in the entry "meow".

"hwi":{
  "hw":"me*ow",
  "prs":[
    {
      "mw":"m\u0113-\u02c8au\u0307",
      "sound":{"audio":"meow0001","ref":"c","stat":"1"}
    }
  ],
  "psl":"chiefly US"
},
"vrs":[
  {
    "vl":"or British",
    "va":"mi*aow"
  }
],
"fl":"noun"
    

XML Equivalent

<hwi>
  <hw>me*ow</hw>
  <psl>chiefly US</psl>
</hwi>
<vrs>
  <vr>
    <vl>or British</vl>
    <va>mi*aow</va>
    <prs>
      <pr>
        <mw>mē-ˈau̇</mw>
        <sound><audio>meow0001</audio><ref>c</ref><stat>1</stat></sound>
      </pr>
    </prs>
  </vr>
</vrs>
<fl>noun</fl>
    

2.7.5 Sense-Specific Inflection Plural Label: spl

This label provides information on the grammatical number (eg, singular, plural) of an inflection in a particular sense. A sense-specific inflection plural label is contained in an spl.

Example

In the entry for "acoustics", sense 1 contains an spl noting that in this sense the plural noun is grammatically singular (eg, "Acoustics is the science of sound").

"fl":"plural noun",
"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"1",
            "ins":[
              {"spl":"singular in construction"}
            ],
            "dt":[
              ["text","{bc}a science that deals with the production,
              control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound"]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ],[
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"2",
            "ins":[
              {
                "il":"also",
                "if":"acoustic"
              }
            ],
            "dt":[
              ["text","{bc}the qualities that determine the ability of an
              enclosure (such as an auditorium) to reflect sound waves in
              such a way as to produce distinct hearing"]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<fl>n pl</fl>
<def>
  <date>1683</date>
  <sensb>
    <sense snumb="1">
      <sn>1</sn>
      <sin>
        <spl>sing in constr</spl>
      </sin>
      <dt>{bc}a science that deals with the production, control,
      transmission, reception, and effects of sound</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
  <sensb>
    <sense snumb="2">
      <sn>2</sn>
      <sin>
        <il>also</il>
        <if>acoustic</if>
      </sin>
      <dt>{bc}the qualities that determine the ability of an enclosure
      (as an auditorium) to reflect sound waves in such a way as to produce
      distinct hearing</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
</def>
    

2.7.6 Sense-Specific Grammatical Label: sgram

This label notes whether a particular sense of a verb is transitive (T) or intransitive (I). The sense-specific grammatical label is contained in an sgram.

Example

Use of sgram in two senses of "reboot".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"1 a",
    "sgram":"T\/I",
    "dt":[
      ["text","{bc}to shut down and restart (a computer or program) "],
      [
        "vis",
        [
          {
            "t":"\u2026 the annoyance of having to {wi}reboot{\/wi} the
            computer to switch operating systems \u2026",
            "aq":{"auth":"Robert Weston"}
          },
          {
            "t":"If anything ever happens to the original drive, you can
            {wi}reboot{\/wi} using the cloned drive and be up and running
            in minutes.",
            "aq":{"auth":"Dan Frakes"}
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
],[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"b",
    "sgram":"I",
    "dt":[
      ["text","{bc}to start up again after closing or shutting down {bc}to
      boot up again "],
      [
        "vis",
        [
          {
            "t":"waiting for a computer\/program to {wi}reboot{\/wi}"
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sense>
  <sn>1 a</sn>
  <sgram>T/I</sgram>
  <dt>{bc}to shut down and restart (a computer or program)
    <vis>
      <vi>
        <t>… the annoyance of having to {wi}reboot{/wi} the computer
        to switch operating systems … </t>
        <aq>
          <auth>Robert Weston</auth>
        </aq>
      </vi>
      <vi>
        <t>If anything ever happens to the original drive, you can {wi}reboot{/wi}
        using the cloned drive and be up and running in minutes. </t>
        <aq>
          <auth>Dan Frakes</auth>
        </aq>
      </vi>
    </vis>
  </dt>
</sense>
<sense>
  <sn>b</sn>
  <sgram>I</sgram>
  <dt>{bc}to start up again after closing or shutting down {bc}to
  boot up again
    <vis>
      <vi>
        <t>waiting for a computer/program to {wi}reboot{/wi}</t>
      </vi>
    </vis>
  </dt>
</sense>
    

2.8 Inflections: ins

Inflection is the change of form that words undergo in different grammatical contexts, such as tense or number. A set of one or more inflections is contained in an ins.

Example

Inflections in the second homograph of "tassel".

"ins":[
  {
    "ifc":"-seled",
    "if":"tas*seled"
  },{
    "il":"or",
    "ifc":"-selled",
    "if":"tas*selled"
  },{
    "ifc":"-sel*ing",
    "if":"tas*sel*ing"
  },{
    "il":"or",
    "ifc":"-sel*ling",
    "if":"tas*sel*ling",
    "prs":[
      {
        "mw":"\u02c8ta-s(\u0259-)li\u014b",
        "sound":{"audio":"tassel02","ref":"c","stat":"1"}
      }
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<in>
  <if>-seled</if>
  <il>or</il>
  <if>-selled</if>
</in>
<in>
  <if>-sel*ing</if>
  <il>or</il>
  <if>-sel*ling</if>
  <pr>-s({schwa}-)li{eng}</pr>
</in>
    

2.9 Cognate Cross-References: cxs

When a headword is a less common spelling of another word with the same meaning, there will be a cognate cross-reference pointing to the headword with the more common spelling. A set of cognate cross-references is contained in a cxs.

Example

A cxs in the first homograph of "baloney" with a cxt pointing to the more common spelling "bologna". Although the cross-reference is provided, note in this case the definition of "bologna" is included for ease of reference.

"hom":1,
"hwi":{
  "hw":"ba*lo*ney",
  "prs":[
    {
      "mw":"b\u0259-\u02c8l\u014d-n\u0113",
      "sound":{"audio":"bologn01","ref":"c","stat":"1"}
    }
  ]
},
"fl":"noun",
"cxs":[
  {
    "cxl":"less common spelling of",
    "cxtis":[
      {"cxt":"bologna"}
    ]
  }
],
"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "dt":[
              ["text","{bc}a large smoked sausage of beef, veal, and pork"]
            ],
            "sdsense":{
              "sd":"also",
              "dt":[
                ["text","{bc}a sausage made (as of turkey) to resemble bologna"]
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

In contrast to the JSON example above, the XML entry for this cognate cross-reference <cx> contains only the reference to the more common spelling.

<entry id="baloney[1]">
  <subj>FD</subj>
  <hw>{h,1}baloney</hw>
  <cx>
    <cl>var of</cl>
    <ct>bologna</ct>
  </cx>
</entry>
    

2.10 Sense Organization

The sense is a key organizational unit of the entry, and gathers together all content relevant to a particular meaning of a headword. Senses are presented in a numbered series, with further divisions into subsenses identified by lowercase letters and parenthesized numbers. Sense sequences are organized by part of speech for verb entries: if a verb can be both transitive and intransitive, there will be two verb dividers, one marking the sense sequence for the transitive verb and the other the sense sequence for the intransitive verb.

The main definition section def encompasses all of the sense sequences and verb dividers vd for a headword. A sense sequence sseq groups together the numbered senses (sense and sen) defining particular meanings of the headword. Finally, more complex sense structures are represented by pseq, sdsense, and bs.

2.10.1 Definition Section: def

The definition section groups together all the sense sequences and verb dividers for a headword or defined run-on phrase.

Example

The def definition section for the entry "backflip".

"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "dt":[["text","{bc}a {a_link|backward} somersault especially
              in the air"]]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<def>
  <date>1935</date>
  <sensb>
    <sense>
      <dt>{bc}a backward somersault esp. in the air</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
</def>
    

2.10.2 Verb Divider: vd

The verb divider acts as a functional label in verb entries, introducing the separate sense sequences for transitive and intransitive meanings of the verb.

Example

Two vd verb dividers in the second homograph of "boat".

"def":[
  {
    "vd":"transitive verb",
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "dt":[["text","{bc}to place in or bring into a boat"]]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  },{
    "vd":"intransitive verb",
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "dt":[["text","{bc}to go by boat"]]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

Note that in XML <vt> is the equivalent of JSON vd.

<def>
  <vt>transitive verb</vt>
  <date>1613</date>
  <sensb>
    <sense>
      <dt>{bc}to place in or bring into a boat</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
  <vt>intransitive verb</vt>
  <sensb>
    <sense snumb="(vi)">
      <dt>{bc}to go by boat</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
</def>
    

2.10.3 Sense Sequence: sseq

The sense sequence contains a series of senses and subsenses, ordered by sense numbers beginning at Arabic numeral "1". The sense sequence is contained in an sseq.

Example

An sseq from the second homograph of "hop".

"sseq":[
  [
    [
      "sense",
      {
        "sn":"1 a",
        "dt":[["text","{bc}a short brisk leap especially on one leg"]]
      }
    ],[
      "sense",
      {
        "sn":"b",
        "dt":[
          ["text","{bc}{sx|bounce||}, {sx|rebound||} "],
          [
            "vis",
            [{"t":"shortstop scooped it up on the first {wi}hop{\/wi}"}]
          ]
        ]
      }
    ]
  ],[
    [
      "sense",
      {
        "sn":"2",
        "dt":[["text","{bc}{sx|dance||3}"]]
      }
    ]
  ],[
    [
      "sense",
      {
        "sn":"3 a",
        "dt":[["text","{bc}a flight in an aircraft"]]
      }
    ],[
      "sense",
      {
        "sn":"b",
        "dt":[["text","{bc}a short trip"]]
      }
    ]
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sensb>
  <sense snumb="1a">
    <sn>1 a</sn>
    <dt>{bc}a short brisk leap esp. on one leg</dt>
  </sense>
  <sense snumb="1b">
    <sn>b</sn>
    <dt>
      {bc}<sx>bounce</sx> <sx>rebound</sx>
      <vi>shortstop scooped it up on the first {sdash}</vi>
    </dt>
  </sense>
</sensb>
<sensb>
  <sense snumb="2">
    <sn>2</sn>
    <dt>{bc}<sx>dance <sxn>3</sxn></sx></dt>
  </sense>
</sensb>
<sensb>
  <sense snumb="3a">
    <sn>3 a</sn>
    <dt>{bc}a flight in an aircraft</dt>
  </sense>
  <sense snumb="3b">
    <sn>b</sn>
    <dt>{bc}a short trip</dt>
  </sense>
</sensb>
    

2.10.4 Sense: sense

The sense gathers together all content relevant to a particular meaning of a headword or defined run-on phrase.

Example

An array containing two senses in "test".

[
  [
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"1 a",
      "dt":[
        [
          "text",
          "{bc}to undergo a test"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],[
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"b",
      "dt":[
        [
          "text",
          "{bc}to be assigned a standing or evaluation on the
           basis of {a_link|tests} "
        ],[
          "vis",
          [
            {"t":"{wi}tested{\/wi} positive for cocaine"},
            {"t":"the cake {wi}tested{\/wi} done"}
          ]
        ]
      ]
    }
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sensb>
  <sense snumb="1a(vi)">
    <sn>1 a</sn>
    <dt>{bc}to undergo a test</dt>
  </sense>
  <sense snumb="1b(vi)">
    <sn>b</sn>
    <dt>{bc}to be assigned a standing or evaluation on the basis of tests 
      <vi>{sdash}<it>ed</it> positive for cocaine</vi>
      <vi>the cake {sdash}<it>ed</it> done</vi>
    </dt>
  </sense>
</sensb>
    

2.10.5 Sense Number: sn

The sense number identifies a sense or subsense within the entry. A sense number sn may contain bold Arabic numerals, bold lowercase letters, or parenthesized Arabic numerals.

Example

A sequence of three senses and sense numbers in the entry "tertiary".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"1 a",
    "dt":[["text","{bc}of third rank, importance, or value"]]
  }
],[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"b",
    "sls":["chiefly British"],
    "dt":[["text","{bc}of, relating to, or being higher education"]]
  }
],[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"c",
    "dt":[["text","{bc}of, relating to, or constituting the third strongest
     of the three or four degrees of stress recognized by most linguists (such
     as the stress of the third syllable of {it}basketball team{\/it})"]]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sensb>
  <sense snumb="1a">
    <sn>1 a</sn>
    <dt>{bc}of third rank, importance, or value</dt>
  </sense>
  <sense snumb="1b">
    <sn>b</sn>
    <ssl>chiefly Brit</ssl>
    <dt>{bc}of, relating to, or being higher education</dt>
  </sense>
  <sense snumb="1c">
    <sn>c</sn>
    <dt>{bc}of, relating to, or constituting the third strongest of the three
     or four degrees of stress recognized by most linguists (as the stress of the
     third syllable of <it>basketball team</it>)</dt>
  </sense>
</sensb>
    

2.10.6 Defining Text: dt

The defining text is the text of the definition or translation for a particular sense. Defining text is contained in dt.

Example

A definition of "test" containing both text and vis elements.

"dt":[
  [
    "text",
    "{bc}the procedure of submitting a statement to such conditions
     or operations as will lead to its proof or disproof or to its
     acceptance or rejection "
  ],[
    "vis",
    [
      {"t":"a {wi}test{\/wi} of a statistical hypothesis"}
    ]
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<dt>
  {bc}the procedure of submitting a statement to such conditions
  or operations as will lead to its proof or disproof or to its
  acceptance or rejection 
  <vi>a {sdash} of a statistical hypothesis</vi>
</dt>
    

2.10.7 Divided Sense: sdsense

A sense may be divided into two parts to show a particular relationship between two closely related meanings. The second part of the sense is contained in an sdsense, consisting of an sense divider sd along with a second dt.

Example

An example of a divided sense from the entry "abiogenesis".

"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "bs",
          {
            "sense":{
              "dt":[["text","{bc}the origin of life from nonliving matter"]],
              "sdsense":{
                "sd":"specifically",
                "dt":[
                  ["text","{bc}a theory in the evolution of early life on earth
                    {bc}organic molecules and subsequent simple life forms first
                    originated from inorganic substances "],
                  [etc...]
                ]
              }
            }
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<def>
  <sensb>
    <sense>
      <dt>{bc}the origin of life from nonliving matter</dt>
      <sd>specifically</sd>
      <dt>{bc}a theory in the evolution of early life on earth: organic molecules
       and subsequent simple life forms first originated from inorganic substances</dt>
       [etc...]
    </sense>
  </sensb>
</def>
    

2.10.8 Truncated Sense: sen

A truncated sense is a sense without a definition, and is used almost exclusively when two sense numbers are separated by a non-definition element. For instance, if a pronunciation occurs in between a main sense number and a subsense containing a definition, the truncated sense sen consists of the main sense number and the pronunciation.

Example

Example of an sen truncated sense in the entry for "tab", followed by two full sense elements containing definition text dt. The sen element is considered truncated because it lacks a definition, but is otherwise similar to sense.

[
  [
    "sen",
    {
      "sn":"4",
      "et":[
        ["text","by shortening"]
      ]
    }
  ],[
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"a",
      "dt":[
        ["text","{bc}{sx|tablet||}"]
      ]
    }
  ],[
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"b",
      "dt":[
        ["text","{bc}{sx|tabloid||}"]
      ]
    }
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

Note that in XML senses without definitions were tagged identically to senses with definitions, ie, <sense>.

<sensb>
  <sense snumb="3">
    <sn>3</sn>
    <set>by shortening</set>
  </sense>
  <sense snumb="3a">
    <sn>a</sn>
    <dt>{bc}<sx>tabloid</sx></dt>
  </sense>
  <sense snumb="3b">
    <sn>b</sn>
    <dt>{bc}<sx>tablet</sx></dt>
  </sense>
</sensb>
    

2.10.9 Binding Substitute: bs

The binding substitute is a broad, general sense introducing a series of senses that give more contextual and specific meanings.

Example

An example of a bs in sense 2 of "feline". Please also see the example of a bs within a pseq below.

[
  [
    "bs",
    {
      "sense":{
        "sn":"2",
        "dt":[["text","{bc}resembling a cat: such as"]]
      }
    }
  ],[
    "sense",{
      "sn":"a",
      "dt":[["text","{bc}sleekly graceful"]]
    }
  ],[
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"b",
      "dt":[["text","{bc}{sx|sly||}, {sx|treacherous||}"]]
    }
  ],[
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"c",
      "dt":[["text","{bc}{sx|stealthy||}"]]
    }
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sensb>
  <sense snumb="2">
    <sn>2</sn>
    <dt>{bs}{bc}resembling a cat: as</dt>
  </sense>
  <sense snumb="2a">
    <sn>a</sn>
    <dt>{bc}sleekly graceful</dt>
  </sense>
  <sense snumb="2b">
    <sn>b</sn>
    <dt>{bc}<sx>sly</sx> <sx>treacherous</sx></dt>
  </sense>
  <sense snumb="2c">
    <sn>c</sn>
    <dt>{bc}<sx>stealthy</sx>{bs}</dt>
  </sense>
</sensb>
    

2.10.10 Parenthesized Sense Sequence: pseq

The parenthesized sense sequence groups together senses whose sense numbers form a sequence of parenthesized numbers.

Example

In this example from "tab", the pseq contains a sequence of three elements: bs (binding substitute), sense, and sense. The sense numbers generated at each sense should be in parentheses.

[
  "pseq",
  [
    [
      "bs",
      {
        "sense":{
          "sn":"1 a",
          "dt":[
            ["text","{bc}a short projecting device: such as"]
          ]
        }
      }
    ],[
      "sense",
      {
        "sn":"(1)",
        "dt":[
          ["text","{bc}a small flap or loop by which something may be grasped
          or pulled"]
        ]
      }
    ],[
      "sense",
      {
        "sn":"(2)",
        "dt":[
          ["text","{bc}a projection from a card used as an aid in filing"]
        ]
      }
    ]
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sense snumb="1a">
  <sn>1 a</sn>
  <dt>{bs}{bc}a short projecting device: as</dt>
</sense>
<sense snumb="1a(1)">
  <sn>
    <snp>(1)</snp>
  </sn>
  <dt>{bc}a small flap or loop by which something may be grasped
  or pulled</dt>
</sense>
<sense snumb="1a(2)">
  <sn>
    <snp>(2)</snp>
  </sn>
  <dt>{bc}a projection from a card used as an aid in filing{bs}</dt>
</sense>
    

2.11 Verbal Illustrations: vis

A verbal illustration is an example sentence illustrating how a word is used in context. It may either be a made-up sentence or a quotation from a cited source. A set of verbal illustrations is contained in a vis.

Example

Verbal illustrations vis in the second homograph of "above".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"2 a",
    "dt":[
      ["text","{bc}superior to (as in rank, quality, or degree) "],
      [
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"A sergeant is {wi}above{\/wi} a corporal."}
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
],[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"b",
    "dt":[
      ["text","{bc}out of reach of "],
      [
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"{wi}above{\/wi} suspicion"}
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
],[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"c",
    "dt":[
      ["text","{bc}in preference to "],
      [
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"puts his child\u0027s needs {wi}above{\/wi} his
          own needs"}
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
],[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"d",
    "dt":[
      ["text","{bc}too proud or honorable to stoop to "],
      [
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"not {wi}above{\/wi} taking undue credit"}
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sense>
  <sn>2 a</sn>
  <dt>{bc}superior to (as in rank, quality, or degree)
    <vis>
      <vi>
        <t>A sergeant is {wi}above{/wi} a corporal.</t>
      </vi>
    </vis>
  </dt>
</sense>
<sense>
  <sn>b</sn>
  <dt>{bc}out of reach of
    <vis>
      <vi>
        <t>{wi}above{/wi} suspicion</t>
      </vi>
    </vis>
  </dt>
</sense>
<sense>
  <sn>c</sn>
  <dt>{bc}in preference to
    <vis>
      <vi>
        <t>puts his child's needs {wi}above{/wi} his own needs</t>
      </vi>
    </vis>
  </dt>
</sense>
<sense>
  <sn>d</sn>
  <dt>{bc}too proud or honorable to stoop to
    <vis>
      <vi>
        <t>not {wi}above{/wi} taking undue credit</t>
      </vi>
    </vis>
  </dt>
</sense>
    

2.12 Attribution of Quote: aq

Direct quotes are used in both verbal illustrations and end-of-entry quotation sections. Information about the attribution (the author, publication, date, etc.) of a particular quote is contained in an aq.

Example

Use of aq in the entry for "alliteration".

"quotes":[
  {
    "t":"More specifically, how are actual events deformed by the application
    to them of metaphor, rhetorical comparison, prose rhythm, assonance,
    {qword}alliteration{\/qword}, allusion, and sentence structures and
    connectives implying clear causality?",
    "aq":{
      "auth":"Paul Fussel",
      "source":"{it}The Great War and Modern Memory{\/it}",
      "aqdate":"1975"
    }
  },{
    "t":"As far as sound repetition goes, I don\u0027t have any principles.
    I try to stay away from heavy {qword}alliteration{\/qword} and other
    pyrotechnics because I think they detract from the sense of the poem
    and blur the imagery.",
    "aq":{
      "auth":"Maxine Kumin",
      "source":"\u0022A Questionnaire\u0022",
      "aqdate":"1977",
      "subsource":{
        "source":"in {it}To Make a Prairie{\/it}",
        "aqdate":"1979"
      }
    }
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<quotes>
  <quote>
    <t>More specifically, how are actual events deformed by
    the application to them of metaphor, rhetorical comparison, prose
    rhythm, assonance, {qword}alliteration{/qword}, allusion, and
    sentence structures and connectives implying clear causality? </t>
    <aq>
      <source>Paul Fussel, {it}The Great War and Modern Memory{/it}, </source>
      <aqdate>1975</aqdate>
    </aq>
  </quote>
  <quote>
    <t>As far as sound repetition goes, I don't have any principles.
    I try to stay away from heavy {qword}alliteration{/qword} and other
    pyrotechnics because I think they detract from the sense of the poem
    and blur the imagery. </t>
    <aq>
      <source>Maxine Kumin, “A Questionnaire,” </source>
      <aqdate>1977</aqdate>
      <subsource>
        <source>, in {it}To Make a Prairie{/it}, </source>
        <aqdate>1979</aqdate>
      </subsource>
    </aq>
  </quote>
</quotes>
    

2.13 Run-In: ri

A run-in entry word is a defined word that occurs in the running text of an entry. The run-in ri groups together one or more run-in entry words rie and any accompanying pronunciations or variants. Run-ins occur most frequently in geographical entries.

Example

A run-in ri with two run-in entry words rie in the geographical entry "Abaco".

"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "dt":[
              ["text","two islands of the Bahamas ("],
              [
                "ri",
                [
                  [
                    "riw",
                    {"rie":"Great Abaco"}
                  ],[
                    "text"," and "
                  ],[
                    "riw",
                    {"rie":"Little Abaco"}
                  ]
                ]
              ],[
                "text",
                " ) north of New Providence Island {it}area{\/it}
                776 square miles (2018 square kilometers),
                {it}population{\/it} 13,170"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<def>
  <sensb>
    <sense>
      <dt>two islands of Bahamas (
        <ri>
          <rie>Great Abaco</rie>
          {amp}
          <rie>Little Abaco</rie>
        </ri>
      ) <g>N</g> of New Providence Is. <it>area</it> 776 <it>sq mi</it>
      (2018 <it>sq km</it>), <it>pop</it> 13,170</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
</def>
    

2.14 Biographical Name Wrap: bnw

A biographical name wrap groups together personal name, surname, and alternate name information within a biographical entry. The biographical name wrap is contained in a bnw.

Example

A biographical name wrap bnw in the entry for "Dodgson".

"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "dt":[
              [
                "bnw",
                {
                  "pname":"Charles Lut*widge",
                  "prs":[
                    {
                      "mw":"\u02c8l\u0259t-wij",
                      "sound":{"audio":"bixdod04","ref":"c","stat":"1"}
                    }
                  ]
                }
              ],[
                "text",
                "1832\u20131898 pseudonym"
              ],[
                "bnw",
                {
                  "altname":"Lewis Car*roll",
                  "prs":[
                    {
                      "mw":"\u02c8ker-\u0259l",
                      "sound":{"audio":"bixdod05","ref":"c","stat":"1"}
                    },{
                      "mw":"\u02c8ka-r\u0259l"
                    }
                  ]
                }
              ],[
                "text",
                " English mathematician and writer"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<def>
  <vg>
    <sseq>
      <sb>
        <sense>
          <dt>
            <bnw>
              <pname>Charles Lut*widge</pname>
              <prs>
                <pr>
                  <mw>ˈlət-wij</mw>
                  <sound>
                    <audio>bixdod04</audio>
                    <ref>c</ref>
                    <stat>1</stat>
                  </sound>
                </pr>
              </prs>
            </bnw>
            1832–1898 pseudonym
            <bnw>
              <altname>Lewis Car*roll</altname>
              <prs>
                <pr>
                  <mw>ˈka-rəl</mw>
                  <sound>
                    <audio>bixdod05</audio>
                    <ref>c</ref>
                    <stat>1</stat>
                  </sound>
                </pr>
              </prs>
            </bnw>
             English mathematician and writer
          </dt>
        </sense>
      </sb>
    </sseq>
  </vg>
</def>
    

2.15 Called-Also Note: ca

A called-also note lists other names a headword is called in a given sense. The called-also note is contained in a ca.

Example

A ca called-also note in the entry "abaca".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"1",
    "dt":[
      [
        "text",
        "{bc}a strong fiber obtained from the leafstalk of a banana
        ({it}Musa textilis{\/it}) native to the Philippines "
      ],[
        "ca",
        {
          "intro":"called also",
          "cats":[
            {"cat":"Manila hemp"}
          ]
        }
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sensb>
  <sense snumb="1">
    <sn>1</sn>
    <dt>
      {bc}a strong fiber obtained from the leafstalk of a banana
      (<it>Musa textilis</it>) native to the Philippines
      <ca>called also <cat>Manila hemp</cat></ca>
    </dt>
  </sense>
</sensb>
    

2.16 Supplemental Information Note: snote

This note provides explanatory or historical information that supplements the definition text. The supplemental information note is contained in an snote.

Example

An snote in the entry "manatee".

"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}any of a genus ({it}Trichechus{\/it} of the family
                Trichechidae) of large, herbivorous, aquatic mammals
                that inhabit warm coastal and inland waters of the
                southeastern U.S., West Indies, northern South America,
                and West Africa and have a rounded body, a small head
                with a squarish snout, paddle-shaped flippers usually
                with vestigial nails, and a flattened, rounded tail
                used for propulsion "
              ],[
                "snote",
                [
                  [
                    "t",
                    "Manatees are {d_link|sirenians|sirenian} related to and
                    resembling the {d_link|dugong|dugong} but differing most
                    notably in the shape of the tail."
                  ],[
                    "vis",
                    [
                      {
                        "t":"An aquatic relative of the elephant,
                        {wi}manatees{\/wi} grow up to nine feet long
                        and can weigh 1,000 pounds.",
                        "aq":{"auth":"Felicity Barringer"}
                      }
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<def>
  <vg>
    <sseq>
      <sb>
        <sense>
          <dt>{bc}any of a genus ({it}Trichechus{/it} of the family
          Trichechidae) of large, herbivorous, aquatic mammals that inhabit
          warm coastal and inland waters of the southeastern U.S., West Indies,
          northern South America, and West Africa and have a rounded body, a
          small head with a squarish snout, paddle-shaped flippers usually with
          vestigial nails, and a flattened, rounded tail used for propulsion
            <snote>
              <t>Manatees are {d_link|sirenians|sirenian} related to and
              resembling the {d_link|dugong|dugong} but differing most notably
              in the shape of the tail.</t>
              <vis>
                <vi>
                  <t>An aquatic relative of the elephant, {wi}manatees{/wi}
                  grow up to nine feet long and can weigh 1,000 pounds. </t>
                  <aq><auth>Felicity Barringer</auth></aq>
                </vi>
              </vis>
            </snote>
          </dt>
        </sense>
      </sb>
    </sseq>
  </vg>
</def>
    

2.17 Usage Notes: uns

Provide usage information on a headword, defined run-on phrase, or undefined entry word. A series of one or more usage notes is contained in an uns.

Example

An example of uns in the entry for "abeyance".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"1",
    "dt":[
      [
        "text",
        "{bc}a state of temporary inactivity {bc}{sx|suspension||} "
      ],[
        "uns",
        [
          [
            [
              "text",
              "used chiefly in the phrase {phrase}in abeyance{\/phrase} "
            ],[
              "vis",
              [
                {
                  "t":"\u2026 new contracts on all but one existing mine \u2026
                  are {wi}in abeyance{\/wi} pending the outcome of a government
                  inquiry to be carried out into Australia\u0027s role in the
                  nuclear fuel cycle.",
                  "aq":{"auth":"Vimala Sarma"}
                },{
                  "t":"a plan that is currently being held {wi}in abeyance{\/wi}"
                }
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sense>
  <sn>1</sn>
  <dt>{bc}a state of temporary inactivity {bc}{sx|suspension||}
    <uns>
      <un>used chiefly in the phrase {phrase}in abeyance{/phrase}
        <vis>
          <vi>
            <t>… new contracts on all but one existing mine … are
            {wi}in abeyance{/wi} pending the outcome of a government inquiry
            to be carried out into Australia's role in the nuclear fuel
            cycle. </t>
            <aq><auth>Vimala Sarma</auth></aq>
          </vi>
          <vi>
            <t>a plan that is currently being held {wi}in abeyance{/wi}</t>
          </vi>
        </vis>
      </un>
    </uns>
  </dt>
</sense>
    

2.18 Undefined Run-Ons: uros

An undefined entry word is derived from or related to the headword, carries a functional label and possibly other information, but does not have any definitions. A set of undefined run-ons uros can follow (or "run on" from) the entry's main def definition section, with each such run-on containing a ure undefined entry word.

Example

An undefined run-on in the entry "threatening".

"uros":[
  {
    "ure":"threat*en*ing*ly",
    "prs":[
      {
        "mw":"\u02c8thret-ni\u014b-l\u0113",
        "sound":{"audio":"threat05","ref":"c","stat":"1"}
      },{
        "mw":"\u02c8thre-t\u1d4an-i\u014b-"
      }
    ],
    "fl":"adverb",
    "utxt":[
      [
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"gestured {wi}threateningly{\/wi}"}
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<uros>
  <uro>
    <ure>threat*en*ing*ly</ure>
    <prs>
      <pr>
        <mw>ˈthret-niŋ-lē</mw>
        <sound><audio>threat05</audio><ref>c</ref><stat>1</stat></sound>
      </pr>
      <pr>
        <mw>ˈthre-tᵊn-iŋ-</mw>
      </pr>
    </prs>
    <fl>adverb</fl>
    <utxt>
      <vis>
        <vi>
          <t>gestured {wi}threateningly{/wi}</t>
        </vi>
      </vis>
    </utxt>
  </uro>
</uros>
    

2.19 Defined Run-Ons: dros

A defined run-on phrase is an expression or phrasal verb formed from the headword. This phrase, its definition section, and other information such as pronunciations, together make up a defined run-on. A set of defined run-ons dros can follow (or "run on" from) the entry's main def definition section, with each such run-on containing a drp defined run-on phrase.

Example

A defined run-on containing a defined run-on phrase drp in the entry "abide".

"dros":[
  {
    "drp":"abide by",
    "def":[
      {
        "sseq":[
          [
            [
              "sense",
              {
                "sn":"1",
                "dt":[
                  [
                    "text",
                    "{bc}to conform to "
                  ],[
                    "vis",
                    [
                      {"t":"{it}abide by{\/it} the rules"}
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              }
            ]
          ],[
            [
              "sense",
              {
                "sn":"2",
                "dt":[
                  [
                    "text",
                    "{bc}to accept without objection {bc}to
                    {d_link|acquiesce|acquiesce} in "
                  ],[
                    "vis",
                    [
                      {"t":"will {it}abide by{\/it} your decision"}
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              }
            ]
          ]
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<dro>
  <drp>abide by</drp>
  <def>
    <sensb>
      <sense snumb="1">
        <sn>1</sn>
        <dt>{bc}to conform to
          <vi><it>abide by</it> the rules</vi>
        </dt>
      </sense>
    </sensb>
    <sensb>
      <sense snumb="2">
        <sn>2</sn>
        <dt>{bc}to <d_link ref="acquiesce">acquiesce</d_link> in
          <vi>will <it>abide by</it> your decision</vi>
        </dt>
      </sense>
    </sensb>
  </def>
</dro>
    

2.20 Directional Cross-Reference Section: dxnls

Directional cross-references to other entries may be presented after the main definition section. A set of one or more directional cross-references is contained in dxnls.

Example

A dxnls in the geographical entry "Acadia".

"dxnls":[
  "see also {dxt|acadian||}"
]
    

XML Equivalent

<dxnls>
  <dxnl>see also {dxt|acadian||}</dxnl>
</dxnls>

2.21 Usage Section: usages

In addition to usage notes within definitions, a more extensive usage discussion may be included in the entry. A set of usage discussions makes up a usage section, which is contained in usages.

Example

A usages section in the third homograph of "above".

"usages":[
  {
    "pl":"Using {parahw}above{\/parahw} as an Adjective or Noun",
    "pt":[
      [
        "text","Although still objected to by some, the use of {it}above{\/it}
        as a noun to mean \u0022something that is above\u0022 "
      ],[
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"none of the {it}above{\/it}"},
          {
            "t":"the {it}above{\/it} is Theseus\u0027s opinion",
            "aq":{"auth":"William Blake"}
          }
        ]
      ],[
        "text",
        " and as an adjective "
      ],[
        "vis",
        [
          {
            "t":"without the {it}above{\/it} reserve",
            "aq":{"auth":"O. W. Holmes \u20201935"}
          },{
            "t":"I was brought up on the {it}above{\/it} words",
            "aq":{"auth":"Viscount Montgomery"}
          }
        ]
      ],[
        "text",
        " has been long established as standard."
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<pl>usage</pl>
<pt>
  Although still objected to by some, the use of <it>above</it>
  as a noun in sense 1a 
  <vi>none of the <it>above</it></vi>
  <vi>the <it>above</it> is Theseus's opinion
    <aq>William Blake</aq>
  </vi>
  and as an adjective 
  <vi>without the <it>above</it> reserve
    <aq>O. W. Holmes {dagger}1935</aq>
  </vi>
  <vi>I was brought up on the <it>above</it> words
    <aq>Viscount Montgomery</aq>
  </vi>
  has been long established as standard.
</pt>
    

2.22 Synonyms Section: syns

Extensive discussions of synonyms for the headword may be included in the entry. A set of such synonym discussions makes up a synonym section, which is contained in syns.

Example

A syns synonym section in the entry "agree".

"syns":[
  {
    "pl":"synonyms",
    "pt":[
      [
        "text",
        "{sc}agree{\/sc} {sc}concur{\/sc} {sc}coincide{\/sc} mean to come
        into or be in harmony regarding a matter of opinion. {sc}agree{\/sc}
        implies complete accord usually attained by discussion and
        adjustment of differences. "
      ],[
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"on some points we all can {it}agree{\/it}"}
        ]
      ],[
        "text",
        " {sc}concur{\/sc} often implies approval of someone else\u0027s
        statement or decision. "
      ],[
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"if my wife {it}concurs{\/it}, it\u0027s a deal"}
        ]
      ],[
        "text",
        " {sc}coincide{\/sc}, used more often of opinions, judgments,
        wishes, or interests than of people, implies total agreement. "
      ],[
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"their wishes {it}coincide{\/it} exactly with my desire"}
        ]
      ]
    ],
    "sarefs":[
      "assent"
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<syns>
  <syn>
    <pl>synonyms</pl>
    <pt>{sc}agree{/sc} {sc}concur{/sc} {sc}coincide{/sc} mean to
    come into or be in harmony regarding a matter of opinion. {sc}agree{/sc}
    implies complete accord usually attained by discussion and adjustment
    of differences. <vis><vi><t>on some points we all
    can {it}agree{/it}</t></vi></vis> {sc}concur{/sc} often
    implies approval of someone else's statement or decision.
    <vis>
      <vi>
        <t>if my wife {it}concurs{/it}, it's a deal</t>
      </vi>
    </vis>
    {sc}coincide{/sc}, used more often of opinions, judgments, wishes,
    or interests than of people, implies total agreement.
    <vis>
      <vi>
        <t>their wishes {it}coincide{/it} exactly with my desire</t>
      </vi>
    </vis>
    </pt>
    <sarefs>
      <saref>assent</saref>
    </sarefs>
  </syn>
</syns>
    

2.23 Quotations Section: quotes

In addition to the verbal illustrations provided throughout the entry, a larger section of quotations from cited sources is sometimes included. A set of quotes is contained in quotes.

Example

A quotes section at the entry for "tedious".

quotes":[
  {
    "t":"Another of their assignments was to slow-fly any plane that had
    a new engine to break it in; that meant flying the aircraft for a
    {qword}tedious{\/qword} hour-and-a-half as slowly as it would possibly
    go without falling out of the sky.",
    "aq":{
      "auth":"Doris Weatherford",
      "source":"{it}American Women and World War II{\/it}",
      "aqdate":"1990"
    }
  },{
    "t":"Writing a new spreadsheet or word-processing program these
    days is a {qword}tedious{\/qword} process, like building a skyscraper
    out of toothpicks.",
    "aq":{
      "auth":"Jeff Goodell",
      "source":"{it}Rolling Stone{\/it}",
      "aqdate":"16 June 1994"
    }
  },{
    "t":"From there, it became clear that the deposition was going to
    be neither as undramatic nor as quotidian, and even {qword}tedious{\/qword},
    as it at first appeared.",
    "aq":{
      "auth":"Renata Adler",
      "source":"{it}New Yorker{\/it}",
      "aqdate":"June 23, 1986"
    }
  }
],

    

XML Equivalent

<quote>
  Another of their assignments was to slow-fly any plane that had a new
  engine to break it in; that meant flying the aircraft for a <qword>tedious</qword>
  hour-and-a-half as slowly as it would possibly go without falling
  out of the sky. 
  <aq>Doris Weatherford, <it>American Women and World War II</it>,
    <aqdate>1990</aqdate>
  </aq>
</quote>
<quote>
  Writing a new spreadsheet or word-processing program these days is a
  <qword>tedious</qword> process, like building a skyscraper
  out of toothpicks.
  <aq>Jeff Goodell, <it>Rolling Stone</it>,
    <aqdate>16 June 1994</aqdate>
  </aq>
</quote>
<quote>
  From there, it became clear that the deposition was going to be neither
  as undramatic nor as quotidian, and even <qword>tedious</qword>,
  as it at first appeared.
  <aq>Renata Adler, <it>New Yorker</it>,
    <aqdate>June 23, 1986</aqdate>
  </aq>
</quote>
    

2.24 Artwork: art

Entries may have illustrations to provide a visual depiction of the headword. All information needed to display an image is contained in art.

Example

An art object in the entry for "heart".

"art":{
  "artid":"heart",
  "capt":"heart 1a: {it}1{\/it} aorta, {it}2{\/it} pulmonary artery,
  {it}3{\/it} left atrium, {it}4{\/it} left ventricle, {it}5{\/it} right ventricle,
  {it}6{\/it} right atrium"
}
    

XML Equivalent

<art>
  <artid>heart</artid>
  <capt>heart 1a: {it}1{/it} aorta, {it}2{/it} pulmonary artery,
  {it}3{/it} left atrium, {it}4{/it} left ventricle, {it}5{/it} right ventricle,
  {it}6{/it} right atrium</capt>
</art>
    

2.25 Tables: table

A reference from an entry to a table is contained in table.

Example

A table reference in the Collegiate entry for "alphabet". If you were to generate a table reference URL here, it would be: https://www.merriam-webster.com/table/collegiate/alphabet.htm

"table":{
  "tableid":"alphabet",
  "displayname":"Alphabet Table"
}
    

XML Equivalent

<table>
  <tableid>alphabet</tableid>
  <displayname>Alphabet Table</displayname>
</table>
    

2.26 Etymology: et

An etymology is an explanation of the historical origin of a word. While the etymology contained in an et most typically relates to the headword, it may also explain the origin of a defined run-on phrase or a particular sense.

Example

The etymology for the first homograph of "traffic".

"et":[
  [
    "text",
    "Middle French {it}trafique{\/it}, from Old Italian {it}traffico{\/it},
     from {it}trafficare{\/it} to trade in coastal waters"
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

Note that in JSON an et for a headword occurs near the end of the entry, whereas in XML it occurs near the beginning.

<et>MF <it>trafique,</it> fr. OIt <it>traffico,</it> fr. <it>trafficare</it> to trade in coastal waters</et>
    

2.27 First Known Use: date

The date of the earliest recorded use of a headword in English is captured in date.

Example

"hom":4,
"hwi":{"hw":"test"},
[...]
"date":"circa 1842"
    

XML Equivalent

Note that in JSON date occurs near the end of the entry, whereas in XML it occurs near the beginning.

<hw>{h,4}test</hw>
[...]
<def>
  <date>circa 1842</date>
  [...]
</def>
    

2.28 Short Definition: shortdef

A short definition provides a highly abridged version of the main definition section, consisting of just the definition text for the first three senses. It is not meant to be displayed along with the full entry, but instead as an alternative, shortened preview of the entry content. A short definition is contained in a shortdef.

Example

A short definition in the entry "abide".

"shortdef":[
  "to bear patiently : tolerate",
  "to endure without yielding : withstand",
  "to wait for : await"
]
    

XML Equivalent

There is no XML equivalent for shortdef.

2.29 Tokens Used in Running Text

2.29.1 Formatting and Punctuation Tokens: {b}, {bc}, {inf}, {it}, {ldquo}, {p_br), {rdquo}, {sc}, {sup}

Within running text, we sometimes mark up text according to its intended presentation (eg, in bold or italic font) rather than its underlying semantics. Typographic tokens are used for this purpose: {b} for bold, {it} for italics, {sc} for smallcaps, {inf} for subscript, and {sup} for superscript. The token {p_br} indicates where a paragraph break should be inserted.

Punctuation marks may also be represented as tokens: {ldquo} for left double quotes, {rdquo} for right double quotes, and {bc} for the ubiquitous bold colon.

Example

Use of {bc}, {it}, {inf} and {sup} tokens in the entry "ammonium".

"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}an ion NH{inf}4{\/inf}{sup}+{\/sup} derived from
                {a_link|ammonia} by combination with a hydrogen ion and
                known in compounds (such as salts) that resemble in properties
                the compounds of the alkali metals"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
],
"et":[
  [
    "text",
    "New Latin, from {it}ammonia{\/it}"
  ]
],
"date":"1808"
    

XML Equivalent

<et>NL, fr. <it>ammonia</it></et>
<def>
  <date>1808</date>
  <sensb>
    <sense>
      <dt>{bc}an ion NH<inf>4</inf><sup>{plus}</sup>
      derived from ammonia by combination with a hydrogen ion and known
      in compounds (as salts) that resemble in properties the compounds
      of the alkali metals</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
</def>
    

2.29.2 Word-Marking and Gloss Tokens: {gloss}, {parahw}, {phrase}, {qword}, {wi}

Within definitions, quotations, paragraph labels, and verbal illustrations, we note instances of the word or phrase being defined or exemplified. A single such word in text is marked with a {wi} token, while a phrase is marked with a {phrase} token. In quotations, a use of the word is marked with a qword token. Finally, the headword in a paragraph label is marked by a {parahw}.

At times the use of a word or phrase in a verbal illustration or quote may require an editorial comment (= gloss) on its meaning in that particular context, which is contained in a gloss token.

Example

Use of {gloss}, {phrase}, {qword}, and {wi} tokens in the entry "absence".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"1",
    "dt":[
      [
        "text",
        "{bc}a state or condition in which something expected, wanted,
        or looked for is not present or does not exist {bc}a state or
        condition in which something is {d_link|absent|absent:1} "
      ],[
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"an {wi}absence{\/wi} {gloss}=lack{\/gloss} of detail"},
          {"t":"{phrase}In the absence of{\/phrase} reform
          {gloss}=without reform{\/gloss}, progress will be slow."}
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
[...]
"quotes":[
  {
    "t":"Only five to six inches long and weighing less than two ounces,
    the elf owl is the smallest bird of prey in the world. Its bobbed
    tail, white \u0022eyebrows,\u0022 and {qword}absence{\/qword} of ear
    tufts give this tiny mothlike predator its impish appearance.",
    "aq":{
      "auth":"Ken Lamerton",
      "source":"{it}Bird Watcher\u0027s Digest{\/it}",
      "aqdate":"May\/June 1996"
    }
  }
  [...]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sense>
  <sn>1</sn>
  <dt>
    {bc}a state or condition in which something expected, wanted, or
    looked for is not present or does not exist {bc}a state or
    condition in which something is {d_link|absent|absent:1} 
    <vis>
      <vi>
        <t>an {wi}absence{/wi} {gloss}=lack{/gloss} of detail</t>
      </vi>
      <vi>
        <t>{phrase}In the absence of{/phrase} reform
        {gloss}=without reform{/gloss}, progress will be slow.</t>
      </vi>
    </vis>
  </dt>
</sense>
[...]
<quotes>
  <quote>
    <t>Only five to six inches long and weighing less than
    two ounces, the elf owl is the smallest bird of prey in the world.
    Its bobbed tail, white “eyebrows,” and {qword}absence{/qword} of
    ear tufts give this tiny mothlike predator its impish appearance. </t>
    <aq>
      <source>Ken Lamerton, {it}Bird Watcher's Digest{/it}, </source>
      <aqdate>May/June 1996</aqdate>
    </aq>
  </quote>
  [...]
</quotes>
    

2.29.3 Cross-Reference Grouping Tokens: {dx}, {dx_def}, {dx_ety}, {ma}

Groups together introductory text and one or more cross-references. Cross-reference grouping tokens include {dx}, {dx_def}, {dx_ety}, and {ma}.

See Cross-Reference Tokens for detailed information on the cross-references themselves.

Example

Uses of {dx}, {dx_def} and {ma} in the entry "fowl".

def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"1",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}a bird of any kind {dx}compare {dxt|waterfowl||},
                {dxt|wildfowl||}{\/dx}"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ],[
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"2 a",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}a cock or hen of the domestic chicken ({it}Gallus
                gallus{\/it})"
              ]
            ],
            "sdsense":{
              "sd":"especially",
              "dt":[
                [
                  "text",
                  "{bc}an adult hen"
                ]
              ]
            }
          }
        ],[
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"b",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}any of several domesticated {dx_def}see {dxt|domesticate:1||2}
                {\/dx_def} or wild {d_link|gallinaceous|gallinaceous}
                birds {dx}compare {dxt|guinea fowl||}, {dxt|jungle fowl||}{\/dx}"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ],[
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"3",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}the meat of {a_link|fowls} used as food "
              ],[
                "vis",
                [
                  {
                    "t":"roasted {wi}fowl{\/wi}"
                  }
                ]
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
],
"et":[
  [
    "text",
    "Middle English {it}foul{\/it}, from Old English {it}fugel{\/it};
    akin to Old High German {it}fogal{\/it} bird, and probably to Old
    English {it}fl\u0113ogan{\/it} to fly
    {ma}{mat|fly|}{\/ma}"
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<et>
  ME <it>foul,</it> fr. OE <it>fugel;</it> akin to OHG <it>fogal</it> bird, and prob. to OE <it>fl{emacr}ogan</it> to fly
 <ma>fly</ma>
</et>
<def>
  <date>bef. 12c</date>
  <sensb>
    <sense snumb="1">
      <sn>1</sn>
      <dt>{bc}a bird of any kind
        <dx>compare <dxt>waterfowl</dxt>
        <dxt>wildfowl</dxt></dx>
      </dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
  <sensb>
    <sense snumb="2a">
      <sn>2 a</sn>
      <dt>{bc}a cock or hen of the domestic chicken
      (<it>Gallus gallus</it>)</dt>
      <sd>esp</sd>
      <dt>{bc}an adult hen</dt>
    </sense>
    <sense snumb="2b">
      <sn>b</sn>
      <dt>{bc}any of several domesticated or wild gallinaceous birds
        <dx>compare <dxt>guinea fowl</dxt>
        <dxt>jungle fowl</dxt></dx>
      </dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
  <sensb>
    <sense snumb="3">
      <sn>3</sn>
      <dt>{bc}the meat of fowls used as food</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
</def>
    

2.29.4 Cross-Reference Tokens: {a_link}, {d_link}, {dxt}, {et_link}, {i_link}, {mat}, {sx}

A cross-reference may refer to an entry, a sense within an entry, an illustration, or a table. Cross-references are always self-contained tokens with information on the link text, link target, and any additional text to display. They are contained in {a_link}, {d_link}, {dxt}, {et_link}, {i_link}, {mat}, and {sx}.

Example

Use of {a_link}, {d_link}, {dxt}, {mat} and {sx} in the first homograph of "monitor".

"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"1 a",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}a student appointed to assist a teacher"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ],[
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"b",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}one that warns or instructs "
              ],[
                "vis",
                [
                  {
                    "t":"{wi}monitors{\/wi} and instructors for troops
                    green in the art of war",
                    "aq":{
                      "source":"{it}New York Times{\/it}"
                    }
                  }
                ]
              ]
            ]
          }
        ],[
          "pseq",
          [
            [
              "bs",
              {
                "sense":{
                  "sn":"c",
                  "dt":[
                    [
                      "text",
                      "{bc}one that {a_link|monitors} or is used in
                      {a_link|monitoring}: such as"
                    ]
                  ]
                }
              }
            ],[
              "sense",
              {
                "sn":"(1)",
                "dt":[
                  [
                    "text",
                    "{bc}an electronic device with a screen used for
                    display (as of television pictures or computer
                    information)"
                  ]
                ]
              }
            ],[
              "sense",
              {
                "sn":"(2)",
                "dt":[
                  [
                    "text",
                    "{bc}a device for observing a biological condition
                    or function "
                  ],[
                    "vis",
                    [
                      {"t":"a heart {wi}monitor{\/wi}"}
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              }
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ],[
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"2",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}{sx|monitor lizard||}"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ],[
        [
          "sen",
          {
            "sn":"3",
            "et":[
              [
                "text",
                "{it}Monitor{\/it}, first ship of the type"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ],[
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"a",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}a heavily armored warship formerly used in coastal
                operations having a very low {d_link|freeboard|freeboard}
                and one or more revolving gun turrets"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ],[
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"b",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}a small modern warship with shallow draft
                {dx_def}see {dxt|draft:1||8}{\/dx_def} for coastal bombardment"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ],[
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"4",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}a raised central portion of a roof having low
                windows or louvers for providing light and air"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
],
[...]
"et":[
  [
    "text",
    "Latin, one that warns, overseer, from {it}mon\u0113re{\/it} to
    warn {ma}{mat|mind|}{\/ma}"
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<et>L, one that warns, overseer, fr. <it>mon{emacr}re</it> to warn <ma>mind</ma></et>
<def>
  <date>1546</date>
  <sensb>
    <sense snumb="1a">
      <sn>1 a</sn>
      <dt>{bc}a student appointed to assist a teacher</dt>
    </sense>
    <sense snumb="1b">
      <sn>b</sn>
      <dt>{bc}one that warns or instructs</dt>
    </sense>
    <sense snumb="1c">
      <sn>c</sn>
      <dt>{bs}{bc}one that monitors or is used in monitoring:
      as</dt>
    </sense>
    <sense snumb="1c(1)">
      <sn>
        <snp>(1)</snp>
      </sn>
      <dt>{bc}a cathode-ray tube used for display (as of
      television pictures or computer information)</dt>
    </sense>
    <sense snumb="1c(2)">
      <sn>
        <snp>(2)</snp>
      </sn>
      <dt>{bc}a device for observing a biological condition or
      function {bs}</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
  <sensb>
    <sense snumb="2">
      <sn>2</sn>
      <dt>{bc}<sx>monitor lizard</sx></dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
  <sensb>
    <sense snumb="3">
      <sn>3</sn>
      <set><it>Monitor,</it> first ship of the type</set>
    </sense>
    <sense snumb="3a">
      <sn>a</sn>
      <dt>{bc}a heavily armored warship formerly used in coastal
      operations having a very low freeboard and one or more revolving
      gun turrets</dt>
    </sense>
    <sense snumb="3b">
      <sn>b</sn>
      <dt>{bc}a small modern warship with shallow draft for
      coastal bombardment</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
  <sensb>
    <sense snumb="4">
      <sn>4</sn>
      <dt>{bc}a raised central portion of a roof having low windows
      or louvers for providing light and air</dt>
    </sense>
  </sensb>
</def>
    

2.29.5 Date Sense Token: {ds}

A date sense token links information on the first known use of a headword to a particular sense within the entry. The date sense token {ds} only occurs within date.

Example

A {ds} in the entry "reap", indicating that the date information relates to transitive sense number 1a(1).

"date":"before 12th century{ds|t|1|a|1}"
    

XML Equivalent

<date>before 12th century{ds|t|1|a|1}</date>
    

3. Data Structure: Other Dictionaries and Thesauruses

While our dictionary and thesaurus titles utilize the general data structure described for the Collegiate in section 2, they also rely on other common structural elements. This section documents these common elements for the following titles:

• Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's English Dictionary
• Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus
• Merriam-Webster's Elementary Dictionary
• Merriam-Webster's Intermediate Dictionary
• Merriam-Webster's Intermediate Thesaurus
• Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
• Merriam-Webster's School Dictionary
• Merriam-Webster's Spanish-English Dictionary

There are additional data elements unique to individual titles. Data structures specific to the Advanced Learner's English Dictionary are covered in section 4; Elementary Dictionary in section 5; Medical Dictionary in section 6; and those specific to the Spanish-English Dictionary in section 7.

3.1 Entry Metadata: meta

Entry metadata is information about the entry, as opposed to the actual content of the entry. Metadata items unique to data sets other than Collegiate are described below; see section 2.1 for information on other uses of meta.

Example

The meta section for the Collegiate Thesaurus entry "above".

"meta":{
  "id":"above",
  "uuid":"6d8ecefc-cc33-4411-9e0a-69e23522a8ee",
  

  "src":"coll_thes",
  "section":"alpha",
  "target":{
    "tuuid":"487427fe-b68d-444f-a539-619a029b4878",
    "tsrc":"collegiate"
  },
  "stems":["above"],
  "syns":[
    [
      "aloft",
      "over",
      "overhead"
    ]
  ],
  "ants":[
    [
      "below",
      "beneath",
      "under"
    ]
  ],
  "offensive":false
}
    

XML Equivalent

Note there is no equivalent of ants or syns in the XML data.

<meta>
  <id>above</id>
  <uuid>6d8ecefc-cc33-4411-9e0a-69e23522a8ee</uuid>
  
  
  <src>coll_thes</src>
  <section>alpha</section>
  <target>
   <tuuid>487427fe-b68d-444f-a539-619a029b4878</tuuid>
   <tsrc>collegiate</tsrc>
   </target>
  <stems>
    <st>above</st>
  </stems>
</meta>
    

3.2 IPA and Word-of-the-Day Pronunciations: ipa, wod

Within the structure described above for prs, some dictionaries permit other ways of representing pronunciations. An International Phonetic Alphabet pronunciation is encoded in an ipa, while our simplified word-of-the-day pronunciation format is contained in a wod.

Example

An ipa pronunciation in the Learner's Dictionary entry "ABC".

"hom":1,
"hwi":{
  "hw":"ABC",
  "prs":[
    {
      "ipa":"\u02cce\u026a\u02ccbi\u02c8si\u02d0",
      "sound":{"audio":"abc00001"}
    }
  ]
}
    

XML Equivalent

<hw>{h,1}ABC</hw>
<pr>{lstres}e{isc}{lstres}bi{hstres}si{length}</pr>
    

3.3 Geographical Direction: g

In geographical sections, an indication of compass direction (eg, "SW" for "southwest") is marked up with g.

Example

Use of g to mark up compass directions in School Dictionary entry "Mauretania".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "dt":[
      [
        "text",
        "ancient country "
      ],[
        "g",
        "NW"
      ],[
        "text",
        " Africa in modern Morocco {amp} "
      ],[
        "g",
        "W"
      ],[
        "text",
        " Algeria"
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sense>
  <dt>
    ancient country <g>NW</g> Africa in modern
    Morocco {amp} <g>W</g> Algeria
  </dt>
</sense>
    

3.4 Synonym Lists: syn_list

A thesaurus entry typically contains a list of synonyms for the headword. A synonym list is contained in a syn_list.

Example

A synonym list in the Collegiate Thesaurus entry for "merry".

"syn_list":[
  [
    {"wd":"blithe"},
    {"wd":"blithesome"},
    {"wd":"festive"},
    {"wd":"gay"},
    {"wd":"gleeful"},
    {"wd":"jocose"},
    {"wd":"jocular"},
    {"wd":"jocund"},
    {"wd":"jolly"},
    {"wd":"jovial"},
    {"wd":"laughing"},
    {"wd":"mirthful"},
    {"wd":"sunny"}
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<syn>
  blithesome, festive, gay, gleeful, jocose, jocular,
  jocund, jolly, jovial, laughing, mirthful, sunny
</syn>
    

3.5 Synonym and Near Synonym Lists: sim_list

A thesaurus entry may contain a list of synonyms and near synonyms for the headword. A list of all similar words (synonyms and near synonyms) is contained in a sim_list.

Example

A synonym and near synonym list in the Collegiate Thesaurus entry for "empathy".

  "sim_list":[
  [
    {"wd":"pity"},
    {"wd":"sympathy"},
    {"wd":"understanding"}}
  ], [
    {"wd":"charity"},
    {"wd":"clemency"},
    {"wd":"forbearance"},
    {"wd":"lenience"},
    {"wd":"leniency"},
    {"wd":"lenity"},
    {"wd":"mercifulness"},
    {"wd":"mercy"}
    {"wd":"quarter"}
  ]
]
    

3.6 Subject/Status Labels for Thesaurus Word: wsls

A thesaurus subject/status label describes the subject area (eg, "computing") or regional/usage status (eg, "British", "formal", "slang") of a synonym, antonym, or other word listed in a thesaurus entry. A set of one or more thesaurus word subject/status labels is contained in a wsls.

Example

Use of wsls in the Collegiate Thesaurus entry for "absolute", sense 2.

"syn_list":[
  [
    {"wd":"all-out"},
    {"wd":"arrant"},
    {"wd":"blank"},
    {
      "wd":"blooming",
      "wsls":{
        "wsl":"chiefly British"
      }
    },
    {
      "wd":"bodacious",
      "wsls":{
        "wsl":"Southern {amp} Midland"
      }
    },
    {
      "wd":"categorical",
      "wvrs":[
        {
          "wvl":"also",
          "wva":"categoric"
        }
      ]
    },
    {"wd":"clean"},
    {"wd":"complete"},
    {"wd":"consummate"},
    [etc...]
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<syn>
  all-out, arrant, blank, blooming [<it>chiefly British</it>],
  bodacious [<it>Southern {amp} Midland</it>],
  categorical (<it>also</it> categoric), clean,
  complete, consummate, [etc...]
</syn>
    

3.7 Variants of Thesaurus Word: wvrs

A thesaurus word variant is a variant spelling of a synonym, antonym, or other word listed in a thesaurus entry. A set of one or more thesaurus word variants is contained in a wvrs.

Example

Use of wvrs in the Collegiate Thesaurus entry for "absolute", sense 1.

"syn_list":[
  [
    {"wd":"arbitrary"},
    {
      "wd":"autocratic",
      "wvrs":[
        {
          "wvl":"also",
          "wva":"autocratical"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "wd":"czarist",
      "wvrs":[
        {
          "wvl":"also",
          "wva":"tsarist"
        },{
          "wvl":"or",
          "wva":"tzarist"
        }
      ]
    },
    {"wd":"despotic"},
    {"wd":"dictatorial"},
    {"wd":"monocratic"},
    {
      "wd":"tyrannical",
      "wvrs":[
        {
          "wvl":"also",
          "wva":"tyrannic"
        }
      ]
    },
    {"wd":"tyrannous"}
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<syn>
  arbitrary, autocratic (<it>also</it> autocratical),
  czarist (<it>also</it> tsarist <it>or</it> tzarist),
  despotic, dictatorial, monocratic, tyrannical
  (<it>also</it> tyrannic), tyrannous
</syn>
    

3.8 Verb Variants of Thesaurus Word: wvbvrs

A verb variant is a variant spelling of a phrasal verb listed in a thesaurus entry. A set of one or more thesaurus word verb variants is contained in a wvbvrs.

Example

Use of wvbvrs in the Collegiate Thesaurus entry for "associate".

"phrase_list":[
  [
    {"wd":"be friends with"},
    {"wd":"fall in with"},
    {"wd":"keep company (with)"},
    {
      "wd":"rub elbows (with)",
      "wvbvrs":[
        {
          "wvbvl":"or",
          "wvbva":"rub shoulders (with)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {"wd":"take up with"}
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<ph>
  be friends with, fall in with, keep company (with),
  rub elbows (with) <it>or</it> rub shoulders (with),
  take up with
</ph>
    

3.9 Related Word Lists: rel_list

A thesaurus entry may contain a list of words related to the headword. A related word list is contained in a rel_list.

Example

Use of rel_list in the Collegiate Thesaurus entry for "associate", sense 2.

"rel_list":[
  [
    {"wd":"compare"},
    {"wd":"equate"},
    {"wd":"liken"}
  ],[
    {"wd":"group"},
    {"wd":"join"},
    {"wd":"lump (together)"},
    {"wd":"tie (together)"}
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<rel>
  compare, equate, liken; group, join, lump (together),
  tie (together)
</rel>
    

3.10 Synonymous Phrase Lists: phrase_list

A thesaurus entry may contain a list of phrases synonymous with the headword. A list of synonymous phrases is contained in a phrase_list.

Example

Use of phrase_list in the Collegiate Thesaurus entry for "associate", sense 1.

"phrase_list":[
  [
    {"wd":"be friends with"},
    {"wd":"fall in with"},
    {"wd":"keep company (with)"},
    {
      "wd":"rub elbows (with)",
      "wvbvrs":[
        {
          "wvbvl":"or",
          "wvbva":"rub shoulders (with)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {"wd":"take up with"}
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<ph>
  be friends with, fall in with, keep company (with),
  rub elbows (with) <it>or</it> rub shoulders (with),
  take up with
</ph>
    

3.11 Near Antonym Lists: near_list

A thesaurus entry may contain a list of near antonyms of the headword. A near antonym list is contained in a near_list.

Example

Example of a near_list with several near-antonym groups in the Collegiate Thesaurus entry for "associate", sense 1.

"near_list":[
  [
    {"wd":"avoid"},
    {"wd":"cold-shoulder"},
    {"wd":"shun"},
    {"wd":"snub"}
  ],[
    {"wd":"alienate"},
    {"wd":"estrange"}
  ],[
    {"wd":"break up"},
    {"wd":"disband"},
    {"wd":"disperse"},
    {"wd":"split (up)"}
  ],[
    {"wd":"disjoin"},
    {"wd":"dissociate"},
    {"wd":"disunite"},
    {"wd":"divorce"},
    {"wd":"sever"},
    {"wd":"split"},
    {"wd":"sunder"}
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<near>
  avoid, cold-shoulder, shun, snub; alienate, estrange;
  break up, disband, disperse, split (up); disjoin,
  dissociate, disunite, divorce, sever, split, sunder
</near>
    

3.12 Antonym Lists: ant_list

A thesaurus entry may contain a list of antonyms of the headword. An antonym list is contained in an ant_list.

Example

Use of ant_list in the Collegiate Thesaurus entry for "belligerent".

"ant_list":[
  [
    {"wd":"nonaggressive"},
    {"wd":"nonbelligerent"},
    {"wd":"pacific"},
    {"wd":"peaceable"},
    {"wd":"peaceful"},
    {"wd":"unbelligerent"},
    {"wd":"uncombative"},
    {"wd":"uncontentious"}
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<ant>
  nonaggressive, nonbelligerent, pacific, peaceable,
  peaceful, unbelligerent, uncombative, uncontentious
</ant>
    

3.13 Antonym and Near Antonym Lists: opp_list

A thesaurus entry may contain a list of antonyms and near antonyms of the headword. A list of all opposite words (antonyms and near antonyms) is contained in an opp_list.

Example

Use of opp_list in the Collegiate Thesaurus entry for "legitimize".

"opp_list":[
  [
    {"wd":"delegitimize"},
    {"wd":"invalidate"},
    {"wd":"pacific"},
    {"wd":"nullify"},
      ],[
    {"wd":"disable"},
    {"wd":"disempower"},
    {"wd":"disenfranchise"}
  ]
]
    

3.14 Synonym Cross-References: srefs

A synonym cross-reference directs the reader to a synonyms section in another entry. A series of one or more synonym cross-references is contained in srefs.

Example

Use of srefs in the Learner's Dictionary entry for "archaic".

"srefs":[
  "old:1"
]
    

XML Equivalent

<srefs>
  <sref>old</sref>
</srefs>
    

3.15 Usage Cross-References: urefs

A usage cross-reference directs the reader to a usage section in another entry. A series of one or more usage cross-references is contained in urefs.

Example

Use of urefs within dt in the Learner's Dictionary entry for "actress".

"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}a woman or girl who acts in a play,
                movie, etc. {bc}a female actor "
              ],[
                "urefs",
                [
                  "actor"
                ]
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<dt>
  {bc}a woman or girl who acts in a play, movie, etc.
  {bc}a female actor 
  <urefs>
    <uref>actor</uref>
  </urefs>
</dt>
    

3.16 Self-Explanatory List: list

A self-explanatory list occurs in an entry with a prefix headword, and consists of derived words whose meaning is self-explanatory in the context of the definition. A self-explanatory list is contained in a list.

Example

An instance of a self-explanatory list in the Intermediate Dictionary entry "over-" (prefix).

"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"1",
            "dt":[
              ["text","{bc}so as to be greater, better, or stronger than"]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ],[
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"2",
            "dt":[
              ["text","{bc}so as to be too much or too great"]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
],
"list":[
  "overabundance",
  "overabundant",
  "overambitious",
  "overanxious",
  "overbake",
  "overbold",
  "overburden",
  "overcareful",
  "overcautious",
  "overcomplicate",
  "overcomplicated",
  [etc...]
  "overzealous",
  "overzealousness"
]
    

XML Equivalent

<def>
  <vg>
    <sseq>
      <sb>
        <sense>
          <sn>1</sn>
          <dt>{bc}so as to be greater, better, or stronger than</dt>
        </sense>
      </sb>
      <sb>
        <sense>
          <sn>2</sn>
          <dt>{bc}so as to be too much or too great</dt>
        </sense>
      </sb>
    </sseq>
  </vg>
</def>
<list>
  <item>overabundance</item>
  <item>overabundant</item>
  <item>overambitious</item>
  <item>overanxious</item>
  <item>overbake</item>
  <item>overbold</item>
  <item>overburden</item>
  <item>overcareful</item>
  <item>overcautious</item>
  <item>overcomplicate</item>
  <item>overcomplicated</item>
  [etc...]
  <item>overzealous</item>
  <item>overzealousness</item>
</list>
    

3.17 Tokens Used in Running Text

3.17.1 Formatting Tokens: {bit}, {itsc}, {rom}

Within running text, we sometimes mark up text according to its intended presentation (eg, in bold-italic font) rather than its underlying semantics. In addition to the typographic tokens used for this purpose documented in section 2.29.1, we also use {bit} for bold-italics, {itsc} for italic smallcaps, and {rom} for Roman/normal text.

Example

An example of {bit} in the Medical Dictionary entry "N-allylnormorphine".

"hwi":{
  "hw":"{bit}N{\/bit}-al*lyl*nor*mor*phine",
  "prs":[
    {
      "mw":"\u02ccen-\u02ccal-\u0259l-\u02ccn\u022fr-\u02c8m\u022fr-\u02ccf\u0113n",
      "sound":{"audio":"nally01m"}
    }
  ]
}
    

XML Equivalent

<hwi>
  <hw>{bit}N{/bit}-al*lyl*nor*mor*phine</hw>
  <prs>
    <pr>
      <mw>ˌen-ˌal-əl-ˌnȯr-ˈmȯr-ˌfēn</mw>
      <sound>
        <audio>nally01m</audio>
      </sound>
    </pr>
  </prs>
</hwi>
    

4. Data Structure: Advanced Learner's English Dictionary

4.1 Entry Metadata: app-shortdef, highlight

Entry metadata is information about the entry, as opposed to the actual content of the entry. Metadata items unique to the Learner's Dictionary are described below; see sections 2.1 and 3.1 for information on other uses of meta.

Example

"meta":{
  "id":"year",
  "uuid":"fc52613e-1bdc-42cc-86ca-21eb035a3aa4",
  
  "src":"learners",
  "section":"alpha",
  "target":{
    "tuuid":"5b3f9f0d-26df-4477-a77f-9cca0b92a171",
    "tsrc":"collegiate"
  },
  "highlight":"yes",
  "stems":[
    "year",
    "years",
    "glory years",
    "in the year of our lord",
    "never\/not in a thousand\/million\/billion years",
    "never in a billion years",
    "never in a million years",
    "never in a thousand years",
    "not in a billion years",
    "not in a million years",
    "not in a thousand years",
    "put years on",
    "since (the) year one",
    "since the year one",
    "since year one",
    "since the year dot",
    "take years off",
    "vintage year",
    "over the years",
    "year by year",
    "each year",
    "as the years go by",
    "all year round",
    "of the year",
    "getting on in years",
    "young\/old for her years",
    "old for her years",
    "young for her years"
  ],
  "app-shortdef":{
    "hw":"year",
    "fl":"noun",
    "def":[
      "{bc} a unit of time that is equal to 12 months or 365 or
      sometimes 366 days",
      "{bc} the regular period of 12 months that begins in January
      and ends in December",
      "used to refer to the age of a person"
    ]
  },
  "offensive":false
}
    

XML Equivalent

Note there is no equivalent of app-shortdef in the XML data.

<meta>
  <id>year</id>
  <uuid>fc52613e-1bdc-42cc-86ca-21eb035a3aa4</uuid>
  
  
  <src>learners</src>
  <section>alpha</section>
  <target>
    <tuuid>5b3f9f0d-26df-4477-a77f-9cca0b92a171</tuuid>
    <tsrc>collegiate</tsrc>
  </target>
  <highlight>yes</highlight>
  <stems>
    <st>year</st>
    <st>years</st>
    <st>glory years</st>
    <st>in the year of our lord</st>
    <st>never/not in a thousand/million/billion years</st>
    <st>never in a billion years</st>
    <st>never in a million years</st>
    <st>never in a thousand years</st>
    <st>not in a billion years</st>
    <st>not in a million years</st>
    <st>not in a thousand years</st>
    <st>put years on</st>
    <st>since (the) year one</st>
    <st>since the year one</st>
    <st>since year one</st>
    <st>since the year dot</st>
    <st>take years off</st>
    <st>vintage year</st>
    <st>over the years</st>
    <st>year by year</st>
    <st>each year</st>
    <st>as the years go by</st>
    <st>all year round</st>
    <st>of the year</st>
    <st>getting on in years</st>
    <st>young/old for her years</st>
    <st>old for her years</st>
    <st>young for her years</st>
  </stems>
</meta>
    

4.2 Alternate Pronunciations: altprs

Alternate pronunciations are pronunciations meant to be displayed only in electronic format but not in print. A set of alternate pronunciations is encoded in an altprs.

Example

Use of altprs in the Learner's Dictionary entry for "balloting".

"hwi":{
  "hw":"bal*lot*ing",
  "altprs":{
    "pr":{
      "ipa":"\u02c8b\u00e6l\u0259t\u026a\u014b"
    }
  }
}
    

XML Equivalent

<hw>bal*lot*ing</hw>
<altpr>{hstres}b{aelig}l{schwa}t{isc}{eng}</altpr>
    

4.3 Grammatical Note: gram

This label provides grammatical information on a headword, defined run-on phrase, or undefined entry word, such as information on case (eg, "+ objective"), number (eg, "singular"), or countability (eg, "noncount"). A grammatical label is contained in gram.

Example

Use of gram in entry for "bouncer".

"gram":"count",
"def":[
  {
    "sseq":[
      [
        [
          "sense",
          {
            "sn":"1",
            "dt":[
              [
                "text",
                "{bc}a person whose job is to force anyone who causes
                a problem in a bar, nightclub, etc., to leave that place"
              ]
            ]
          }
        ]
      ],[etc...]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<def>
  <gram>count</gram>
  <sn>1</sn>
  <dt>
    {bc}a person whose job is to force anyone who causes a problem in
    a bar, nightclub, etc., to leave that place
  </dt>
  [etc...]
</def>
    

4.4 Grammatical Label Within a Sense: wsgram

This label provides grammatical information specific to a note or verbal illustration within a sense, which might be information on the headword's case (eg, "+ objective"), number (eg, "singular"), or countability (eg, "noncount") in a particular context. A grammatical label within a sense is contained in a wsgram.

Example

Two wsgram labels within sense 1 of the first homograph of "ABC".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"1",
    "dt":[
      [
        "text",
        "{bc}the letters of the English alphabet "
      ],[
        "wsgram",
        "plural"
      ],[
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"({it}US{\/it}) We learned our {it}ABC\u0027s{\/it}."}
        ]
      ],[
        "wsgram",
        "singular"
      ],[
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"({it}Brit{\/it}) We learned our {it}ABC{\/it}."}
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sn>1</sn>
<dt>
  {bc}the letters of the English alphabet 
  <wsgram>plural</wsgram>
  <vi>(<it>US</it>) We learned our <it>ABC's</it>.</vi>
  <wsgram>singular</wsgram>
  <vi>(<it>Brit</it>) We learned our <it>ABC</it>.</vi>
</dt>
    

4.5 Bold-Italic Note: bnote

The bold-italic note supplies the form of the headword (such as a plural or capitalized variant) most pertinent to a particular sense. The bold-italic note is contained in a bnote.

Example

A bnote in the entry for "action".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"4",
    "bnote":"the action",
    "dt":[
      [
        "text",
        "{bc}the most exciting or interesting activities that are happening
        in a particular place "
      ],[
        "vis",
        [
          {"t":"The new theater places the audience closer to the center\/middle
          of {it}the action{\/it}."},
          {"t":"I moved to New York City to be (a) part of
          {it}the action{\/it}."},
          {"t":"Downtown is {phrase}where the action is{\/phrase}.
          [=downtown is a very active and exciting place]"}
        ]
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sn>4</sn>
<bnote>the action</bnote>
<dt>
  {bc}the most exciting or interesting activities that are happening in
  a particular place
  <vi>The new theater places the audience closer to the center/middle
  of <it>the action</it>.</vi>
  <vi>I moved to New York City to be (a) part of <it>the action</it>.</vi>
  <vi>Downtown is <phrase>where the action is</phrase>.
  [=downtown is a very active and exciting place]</vi>
</dt>
    

4.6 Boxed Supplemental Information Note: snotebox

This note provides explanatory or historical information that supplements the definition. It is presented in a box to set it off from surrounding text. The boxed supplemental information note is contained in an snotebox.

Example

An instance of snotebox in the entry "at".

"snotebox":[
  [
    "t",
    "The word {phrase}at{\/phrase} is used in speech in e-mail addresses."
  ],[
    "vis",
    [
      {"t":"{ldquo}Can I e-mail you?{rdquo} {ldquo}Sure. Our e-mail address
      is \u2018comments {it}at{\/it} Merriam-Webster dot com.\u2019{rdquo}"}
    ]
  ],[
    "t",
    "In writing, the symbol @ is used instead."
  ],[
    "vis",
    [
      {"t":"comments@Merriam-Webster.com"}
    ]
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<snotebox>
  The word <phrase>at</phrase> is used in speech in e-mail addresses.
  <vi>{ldquo}Can I e-mail you?{rdquo} {ldquo}Sure. Our e-mail address
  is {lsquo}comments <it>at</it> Merriam-Webster dot com.{rsquo}{rdquo}</vi>
  In writing, the symbol {commat} is used instead. 
  <vi>comments{commat}Merriam-Webster.com</vi>
</snotebox>
    

4.7 Phrasal Verbs: phrasev, sphrasev

A phrasal verb is a phrase that combines a verb with a preposition and/or adverb (eg, "act up", "get out"). The general form of the phrasal verb is given as a defined run-on phrase within a defined run-on, with particular grammatical expressions of the phrasal verb contained in phrasev and sphrasev.

Note that phrasev is used when the phrasal verb form follows a sense number, while sphrasev is used in all other contexts.

Example

Use of sphrasev in "act on/upon" and phrasev in "act out" within the second homograph for "act".

"dros":[
  {
    "drp":"act on\/upon",
    "gram":"phrasal verb",
    "def":[
      {
        "sseq":[
          [
            [
              "sense",
              {
                "sphrasev":{
                  "phrs":[
                    {"pva":"act on\/upon (something)"}
                  ]
                },
                "dt":[
                  [
                    "text",
                    "{bc}to use (something, such as a feeling or
                    suggestion) as a reason or basis for doing
                    something "
                  ],[
                    "vis",
                    [
                      {"t":"They never {it}acted on{\/it} the information
                      they had."},
                      {"t":"We were too late to {it}act upon{\/it} his
                      suggestion."},
                      {"t":"It\u0027s okay to feel angry or jealous, but
                      you mustn\u0027t {it}act on{\/it} those feelings."}
                    ]
                  ],[
                    "text",
                    "{dx}see also {dxt|act:2||6 (above)}{\/dx}"
                  ]
                ]
              }
            ]
          ]
        ]
      }
    ]
  },{
    "drp":"act out",
    "gram":"phrasal verb",
    "def":[
      {
        "sseq":[
          [
            [
              "sense",
              {
                "sn":"1 a",
                "dt":[
                  [
                    "text",
                    "{bc}to behave badly especially because you are
                    feeling painful emotions (such as fear or anger) "
                  ],[
                    "vis",
                    [
                      {"t":"What can parents do when their kids start
                      {it}acting out{\/it}?"}
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              }
            ],[
              "sense",
              {
                "sn":"b",
                "phrasev":{
                  "phr":{
                    "pvl":"or",
                    "pva":"act (something) out"
                  }
                },
                "dt":[
                  [
                    "text",
                    "{bc}to show that you are feeling (a painful emotion)
                    by acting in ways that are not good or acceptable "
                  ],[
                    "vis",
                    [
                      {"t":"children {it}acting out{\/it} their emotions
                      in inappropriate ways"},
                      {"t":"He tries not to {it}act out{\/it} his
                      anger\/frustrations."}
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              }
            ]
          ],
          [etc...]
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  [etc...]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<dro>
  <dre>act on/upon</dre>
  <gram>phrasal verb</gram>
  <def>
    <phrasev>
      <pva>act on/upon (something)</pva>
    </phrasev>
    <dt>
      {bc}to use (something, such as a feeling or suggestion) as a
      reason or basis for doing something
      <vi>They never <it>acted on</it> the
      information they had.</vi>
      <vi>We were too late to <it>act upon</it> his
      suggestion.</vi>
      <vi>It's okay to feel angry or jealous, but you mustn't
      <it>act on</it> those feelings.</vi>
      <dx>see also <dxt>{h,2}act <dxn>6 (above)</dxn></dxt></dx>
    </dt>
  </def>
</dro>
<dro>
  <dre>act out</dre>
  <gram>phrasal verb</gram>
  <def>
    <sn>1 a</sn>
    <dt>
      {bc}to behave badly especially because you are feeling painful
      emotions (such as fear or anger)
      <vi>What can parents do when their kids start <it>acting out</it>?</vi>
    </dt>
    <sn>b</sn>
    <phrasev>
      <pva>act out (something)</pva>
      <pvl>or</pvl>
      <pva>act (something) out</pva>
    </phrasev>
    <dt>
      {bc}to show that you are feeling (a painful emotion) by acting
      in ways that are not good or acceptable
      <vi>children <it>acting out</it> their emotions in
      inappropriate ways</vi>
      <vi>He tries not to <it>act out</it> his anger/frustrations.</vi>
    </dt>
    [etc...]
  </def>
</dro>
    

4.8 Phrasal Verb Subject/Status Labels: phsls

A phrasal verb subject/status label describes the subject area (eg, "computing") or regional/usage status (eg, "British", "formal", "slang") of a phrasal verb. A set of one or more phrasal verb subject/status labels is contained in a phsls.

Example

A phsls series for "bounce into" in the first homograph of "bounce".

{
  "drp":"bounce into",
  "gram":"phrasal verb",
  "def":[
    {
      "sseq":[
        [
          [
            "sense",
            {
              "sphrasev":{
                "phsls":["Brit","informal"],
                "phrs":[
                  {"pva":"bounce (someone) into (something)"}
                ]
              },
              "dt":[
                [
                  "text",
                  "{bc}to force (someone) to decide to do (something)
                  especially without having time to think about it "
                ],[
                  "vis",
                  [
                    {"t":"The voters were {it}bounced into{\/it} agreeing
                    to the proposal."}
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            }
          ]
        ]
      ]
    }
  ]
}
    

XML Equivalent

<dro>
  <dre>bounce into</dre>
  <def>
    <gram>phrasal verb</gram>
    <sl>Brit</sl>
    <sl>informal</sl>
    <phrasev>
      <pva>bounce (someone) into (something)</pva>
    </phrasev>
    <dt>
      {bc}to force (someone) to decide to do (something) especially
      without having time to think about it
      <vi>The voters were <it>bounced into</it> agreeing
      to the proposal.</vi>
    </dt>
  </def>
</dro>
    

4.9 Run-On Subject/Status Label: rsl

A run-on subject/status label describes the subject area (eg, "computing") or regional/usage status (eg, "British", "formal", "slang") of a defined run-on phrase or undefined entry word. A run-on subject/status label is contained in an rsl.

Example

Use of rsl with a defined run-on phrase in the entry "bed".

"dros":[
  [...]
  {
    "drp":"get up on the wrong side of the bed",
    "rsl":"US",
    "vrs":[
      {
        "vl":"or chiefly British",
        "va":"get out of bed on the wrong side"
      }
    ],
    "def":[
      {
        "sseq":[
          [
            [
              "sense",
              {
                "dt":[
                  [
                    "text",
                    "{bc}to be in a bad mood throughout the day "
                  ],[
                    "vis",
                    [
                      {"t":"Be careful when you talk to the boss.
                      He {it}got up on the wrong side of the bed{\/it}
                      this morning."}
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              }
            ]
          ]
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
  [...]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<dro>
  <dre>get up on the wrong side of the bed</dre>
  <rsl>US</rsl>
  <vr>
    <vl>or chiefly Brit</vl>
    <va>get out of bed on the wrong side</va>
  </vr>
  <def>
    <dt>{bc}to be in a bad mood throughout the day
      <vi>Be careful when you talk to the boss. He <it>got up
      on the wrong side of the bed</it> this morning.</vi>
    </dt>
  </def>
</dro>
    

4.10 Learner's Dictionary Artwork: artl

Entries may have illustrations to provide a visual depiction of the headword. In this dictionary, all information needed to display an image is contained in artl.

Note that while artl contains the art element described elsewhere and is structurally similar, it differs in important ways described below.

Example

Use of artl in the entry "mail".

"artl":{
  "art":{
    "artid":"mail.eps",
    "dim":"394,201"
  }
}
    

XML Equivalent

<art>
  <artref id="mail.eps"></artref>
  <capt></capt>
  <dim>394,201</dim>
</art>
    

5. Data Structure: Elementary Dictionary

5.1 M-W Verbal Illustration: vimw

An M-W verbal illustration is an example sentence illustrating how a word is used in context. Contentwise, it is similar to vis but has a somewhat different structure. An M-W verbal illustration is contained in a vimw.

Example

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"3",
    "dt":[
      [
        "text",
        "{bc}a curved or hooked part of a thing {bc}{sx|bend||} "
      ],[
        "vimw",
        {
          "t":"He held it in the {it}crook{\/it} of his arm."
        }
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sense>
  <sn>3</sn>
  <dt>{bc}a curved or hooked part of a thing {bc}{sx|bend||}
    <vimw>
      <t>He held it in the {it}crook{/it} of his arm.</t>
    </vimw>
  </dt>
</sense>
    

5.2 Inline Hint: hint

An inline hint provides helpful usage advice on a headword in a particular sense. An inline hint is contained in a hint.

Example

An inline hint in the entry for "calisthenics".

[
  "hint",
  [
    [
      "text",
      "{it}Calisthenics{\/it} can be used as a singular or as a plural
      in writing and speaking. "
    ],[
      "vis",
      [
        {"t":"{it}Calisthenics{\/it} is an important form of exercise."},
        {"t":"This morning\u0027s {it}calisthenics{\/it} were tough."}
      ]
    ]
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<hint>
  {it}Calisthenics{/it} can be used as a singular or as a plural
  in writing and speaking. 
  <vis>
    <vi>
      <t>{it}Calisthenics{/it} is an important form of exercise.</t>
    </vi>
    <vi>
      <t>This morning's {it}calisthenics{/it} were tough.</t>
    </vi>
  </vis>
</hint>
    

5.3 Hint Paragraph: hintp

A hint paragraph provides helpful usage advice on a headword. A hint paragraph is contained in a hintp.

Example

"hintp":{
  "pl":"Hint",
  "pt":[
    [
      "text",
      "The word {it}caribou{\/it} is used especially to refer to
      these animals when they live in North America. The word
      {it}reindeer{\/it} is usually used for these animals when they
      live in Europe and Asia."
    ]
  ]
}
    

XML Equivalent

<hintp>
  <pl>Hint</pl>
  <pt>The word {it}caribou{/it} is used especially to refer
  to these animals when they live in North America. The word
  {it}reindeer{/it} is usually used for these animals when they
  live in Europe and Asia.</pt>
</hintp>
    

5.4 Headscratcher Paragraph: hs

A headscratcher paragraph provides helpful advice on a particular tricky or confusing headword. A headscratcher paragraph is contained in an hs.

Example

A hs paragraph in the second homograph of "cleave".

"hs":{
  "pl":"Headscratcher",
  "pt":[
    [
      "text",
      "The two verbs {it}cleave{\/it} look and sound alike, but
      have very different meanings. One means \u201cto split apart,\u201d
      and the other means \u201cto cling to.\u201d"
    ]
  ]
}
    

XML Equivalent

<hs>
  <pl>Headscratcher</pl>
  <pt>The two verbs {it}cleave{/it} look and sound alike, but
  have very different meanings. One means “to split apart,” and
  the other means “to cling to.”</pt>
</hs>
    

5.5 Word Root Paragraph: rootpara

A word root paragraph presents information on a headword's etymology in an easy-to-read format. A word root paragraph is contained in a rootpara.

Example

A rootpara in the entry for "verb".

"rootpara":{
  "pl":"Root",
  "pt":[
    [
      "text",
      "The Latin word {it}verbum{\/it}, meaning \u201cword,\u201d
      gives us the root {b}verb{\/b}. Words from the Latin {it}verbum{\/it}
      have something to do with words. A {b}verb{\/b} is a word
      that shows action. An {it}ad{\/it}{b}verb{\/b} is a word that
      modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. A {it}pro{\/it}{b}verb{\/b},
      or short saying containing a wise thought, is made up of a
      few well-chosen words. Anything {b}verb{\/b}{it}al{\/it} is
      made up of spoken words."
    ]
  ]
}
    

XML Equivalent

<rootpara>
  <pl>Root</pl>
  <pt>The Latin word {it}verbum{/it}, meaning “word,” gives
  us the root {b}verb{/b}. Words from the Latin {it}verbum{/it}
  have something to do with words. A {b}verb{/b} is a word that
  shows action. An {it}ad{/it}{b}verb{/b} is a word that modifies
  a verb, adjective, or other adverb. A {it}pro{/it}{b}verb{/b},
  or short saying containing a wise thought, is made up of a few
  well-chosen words. Anything {b}verb{/b}{it}al{/it} is made up
  of spoken words.</pt>
</rootpara>
    

5.6 Word History Paragraph: history

A word history paragraph provides historical background for a headword. A word history paragraph is contained in a history.

Example

A word history paragraph in the entry "vaccine".

"history":{
  "pl":"Word History",
  "pt":[
    [
      "text",
      "In the late 1700s the English doctor Edward Jenner investigated
      the old belief that people who contracted a mild disease called
      cowpox from cows thereby became immune to smallpox, a much
      more dangerous disease. Jenner documented 23 such cases, where
      people inoculated with matter from cowpox sores came down with
      cowpox but then did not contract smallpox. Because {it}variolae
      vaccinae{\/it}, literally, \u201ccow pustules,\u201d was the medical
      Latin name for cowpox, the virus-containing material used for
      inoculations eventually came to be called {it}vaccine{\/it}."
    ]
  ]
}
    

XML Equivalent

<history>
  <pl>Word History</pl>
  <pt>In the late 1700s the English doctor Edward Jenner
  investigated the old belief that people who contracted a mild
  disease called cowpox from cows thereby became immune to smallpox,
  a much more dangerous disease. Jenner documented 23 such cases,
  where people inoculated with matter from cowpox sores came down
  with cowpox but then did not contract smallpox. Because {it}variolae
  vaccinae{/it}, literally, “cow pustules,” was the medical Latin name
  for cowpox, the virus-containing material used for inoculations
  eventually came to be called {it}vaccine{/it}.</pt>
</history>
    

6. Data Structure: Medical Dictionary

6.1 Biographical Notes: bios

A biographical note provides information on a historical or mythological figure relevant to the headword. A series of one or more biographical notes is contained in bios.

Example

A biographical note bios at the entry for "bartonella".

"bios":[
  [
    [
      "bionw",
      {
        "biosname":"Bar*ton",
        "prs":[
          {
            "mw":"\u02c8b\u00e4r-\u02cct\u014dn",
            "sound":{"audio":"barto01m"}
          }
        ]
      }
    ],[
      "bionw",
      {"biopname":"Alberto L."}
    ],[
      "biodate",
      "(1874\u20131950)"
    ],[
      "biotx",
      "Peruvian physician. In 1909 Barton published an article on elements
      found in the red blood cells of patients with Oroya fever. In this
      article he identified the blood parasite ({it}Bartonella bacilliformis{\/it})
      that is the causative agent of Oroya fever and verruga peruana.
      The organism is now placed in the genus {it}Bartonella,{\/it} which
      was named after him in 1915."
    ]
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<bio>
  <sname>Bar*ton</sname>
  <pr>{hstres}b{auml}r-{lstres}t{omacr}n</pr>
  <pname>Alberto L.</pname>
  <bddate>(1874{ndash}1950)</bddate>
  <tx>Peruvian physician. In 1909 Barton published an article on elements
  found in the red blood cells of patients with Oroya fever. In this article
  he identified the blood parasite (<it>Bartonella bacilliformis</it>)
  that is the causative agent of Oroya fever and verruga peruana. The organism
  is now placed in the genus <it>Bartonella,</it> which was
  named after him in 1915.
  </tx>
</bio>
    

7. Data Structure: Spanish-English Dictionary

7.1 Entry Metadata: lang

Bilingual dictionaries contain two distinct dictionaries within one work. In order to distinguish the two language directions for search and display purposes, an entry metadata item identifying the language of the entry's headword—or the language of word lookup as opposed to translation—is provided. The entry's language metadata is contained in lang.

Example

Use of lang in two entries: English-Spanish "rodeo", followed by Spanish-English "rodeo".

[
  {
    "meta":{
      "id":"rodeo",
      "uuid":"27c0b37e-d71f-406d-a07a-1e9c946d61c9",
      "lang":"en",
      
      "src":"spanish",
      "section":"alpha",
      "stems":["rodeo","-deos"],
      
      "offensive":false
    },
    "hwi":{
      "hw":"rodeo",
      "prs":[
        {"mw":"\u02c8ro\u02d0di\u02cco\u02d0"},
        {"mw":"ro\u02c8de\u026a\u02cco\u02d0"}
      ]
    },
    "fl":"noun",
    "ins":[
      {
        "il":"plural",
        "if":"-deos"
      }
    ],
    "def":[
      {
        "sseq":[
          [
            [
              "sense",
              {
                "dt":[
                  ["text","{bc}rodeo "],
                  ["gl","masculine"]
                ]
              }
            ]
          ]
        ]
      }
    ],
    "shortdef":["rodeo"]
  },{
    "meta":{
      "id":"rodeo",
      "uuid":"12b6e152-267e-4927-bec5-c372829ded53",
      "lang":"es",
      
      "src":"spanish",
      "section":"alpha",
      "stems":["rodeo"],
      
      "offensive":false
    },
    "hwi":{"hw":"rodeo"},
    "fl":"masculine noun",
    "def":[
      {
        "sseq":[
          [
            [
              "sense",
              {
                "sn":"1",
                "dt":[
                  ["text","{bc}rodeo, roundup"]
                ]
              }
            ]
          ],[
            [
              "sense",
              {
                "sn":"2",
                "dt":[
                  ["text","{sx|desv\u00edo||} {bc}detour"]
                ]
              }
            ]
          ],[
            [
              "sense",
              {
                "sn":"3",
                "dt":[
                  ["text","{bc}evasion "],
                  [
                    "vis",
                    [
                      {
                        "t":"andar con rodeos",
                        "tr":"to beat around the bush"
                      },{
                        "t":"sin rodeos",
                        "tr":"without reservations"
                      }
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              }
            ]
          ]
        ]
      }
    ],
    "shortdef":["rodeo, roundup","desv\u00edo : detour","evasion"]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<entry>
  <meta>
    <id>rodeo</id>
    <uuid>27c0b37e-d71f-406d-a07a-1e9c946d61c9</uuid>
    <lang>en</lang>
    
    
    <src>spanish</src>
    <section>alpha</section>
    <stems><st>rodeo</st><st>-deos</st></stems>
  </meta>
  <hwi>
    <hw>rodeo</hw>
    <prs>
      <pr><mw>ˈroːdiˌoː</mw></pr>
      <pr><mw>roˈdeɪˌoː</mw></pr>
    </prs>
  </hwi>
  <fl>noun</fl>
  <ins><in><il>plural</il><if>-deos</if></in></ins>
  <def>
    <vg>
      <sseq>
        <sb>
          <sense><dt>{bc}rodeo <gl>masculine</gl></dt></sense>
        </sb>
      </sseq>
    </vg>
  </def>
</entry>
<entry>
  <meta>
    <id>rodeo</id>
    <uuid>12b6e152-267e-4927-bec5-c372829ded53</uuid>
    <lang>es</lang>
    
    
    <src>spanish</src>
    <section>alpha</section>
    <stems><st>rodeo</st></stems>
  </meta>
  <hwi>
    <hw>rodeo</hw>
  </hwi>
  <fl>masculine noun</fl>
  <def>
    <vg>
      <sseq>
        <sb>
          <sense><sn>1</sn><dt>{bc}rodeo, roundup</dt></sense>
        </sb>
        <sb>
          <sense><sn>2</sn><dt>{sx|desvío||} {bc}detour</dt></sense>
        </sb>
        <sb>
          <sense>
            <sn>3</sn>
            <dt>{bc}evasion
              <vis>
                <vi>
                  <t>andar con rodeos</t>
                  <tr>to beat around the bush</tr>
                </vi>
                <vi>
                  <t>sin rodeos</t>
                  <tr>without reservations</tr>
                </vi>
              </vis>
            </dt>
          </sense>
        </sb>
      </sseq>
    </vg>
  </def>
</entry>
    

7.2 Headword Cutback: hwc

In bilingual dictionaries, an alternate headword often simply presents the main headword in a different gender and/or number (eg, in its feminine singular or masculine plural form). In space-constrained environments, such alternate headwords may be presented in a shortened cutback form (eg, "-ga"). A headword cutback is contained in an hwc.

Example

An instance of hwc in the Spanish-English entry "abandonado".

"hwi":{
  "hw":"abandonado",
  "prs":[
    {
      "sound":{"audio":"aband01sp"}
    }
  ]
},
"ahws":[
  {
    "hw":"abandonada",
    "hwc":"-da"
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<hwi>
  <hw>abandonado</hw>
  <prs>
    <pr>
      <sound>
        <audio>aband01sp</audio>
      </sound>
    </pr>
  </prs>
</hwi>
<ahws>
  <ahw>
    <hw>abandonada</hw>
    <hwc>-da</hwc>
  </ahw>
</ahws>
    

7.3 Variant Cutback: vac

A variant is often a sense-specific idiom or phrase containing the headword. In space-constrained environments, such variants may be presented in a shortened cutback form that omits the headword itself. A variant cutback is contained in a vac.

Example

Use of vac across several senses in the first homograph of "all" in English-Spanish.

[
  [
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"5",
      "vrs":[
        {
          "va":"all of",
          "vac":"~ of"
        }
      ],
      "dt":[
        [
          "text",
          "{sx|only||} {bc}s\u00f3lo, solamente"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ]
],[
  [
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"6",
      "vrs":[
        {
          "va":"all of",
          "vac":"~ of"
        }
      ],
      "dt":[
        [
          "text",
          "{sx|at least||} {bc}por lo menos"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ]
],[
  [
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"7",
      "vrs":[
        {
          "va":"all over",
          "vac":"~ over"
        }
      ],
      "dt":[
        [
          "text",
          "{sx|everywhere||} {bc}por todas partes"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ]
],[
  [
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"8",
      "vrs":[
        {
          "va":"all over",
          "vac":"~ over"
        }
      ],
      "sls":["familiar"],
      "dt":[
        [
          "vis",
          [
            {
              "t":"to be all over someone for something",
              "tr":"criticar duramente a alguien por algo"
            }
          ]
        ]
      ]
    }
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sb>
  <sense>
    <sn>5</sn>
    <vrs>
      <vr>
        <va>all of</va>
        <vac>~ of</vac>
      </vr>
    </vrs>
    <dt>{sx|only||} {bc}sólo, solamente</dt>
  </sense>
</sb>
<sb>
  <sense>
    <sn>6</sn>
    <vrs>
      <vr>
        <va>all of</va>
        <vac>~ of</vac>
      </vr>
    </vrs>
    <dt>{sx|at least||} {bc}por lo menos</dt>
  </sense>
</sb>
<sb>
  <sense>
    <sn>7</sn>
    <vrs>
      <vr>
        <va>all over</va>
        <vac>~ over</vac>
      </vr>
    </vrs>
    <dt>{sx|everywhere||} {bc}por todas partes</dt>
  </sense>
</sb>
<sb>
  <sense>
     <sn>8</sn>
     <vrs>
       <vr>
         <va>all over</va>
         <vac>~ over</vac>
       </vr>
     </vrs>
     <sls>
       <sl>familiar</sl>
     </sls>
     <dt>
       <vis>
         <vi>
           <t>to be all over someone for something</t>
           <tr>criticar duramente a alguien por algo</tr>
         </vi>
       </vis>
     </dt>
  </sense>
</sb>
    

7.4 Alternate Inflection: aif

In bilingual dictionaries, an inflection may have a fully spelled-out form as well as a shortened cutback form for use in space-constrained environments. An alternate inflection aif surrounds both the spelled-out and cutback forms.

Example

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"3",
    "ins":[
      {
        "if":"distintos",
        "aif":{
          "ifc":"-tas",
          "if":"distintas"
        },
        "spl":"plural"
      }
    ],"dt":[
      [
        "text",
        "{bc}{a_link|various}"
      ]
    ]
  }
]

XML Equivalent

<sense>
  <sn>3</sn>
  <ins>
    <in>
      <if>distintos</if>
      <aif>
        <ifc>-tas</ifc>
        <if>distintas</if>
      </aif>
      <spl>plural</spl>
    </in>
  </ins>
  <dt>
    {bc}various
  </dt>
</sense>

7.5 Cross-References: xrs

When a headword or one of its senses represents a less common spelling or inflected form of another word, the definition is omitted and replaced by a cross-reference pointing to the entry containing detailed definition information. A set of cross-references is contained in an xrs.

Example

An xrs in the Spanish-English entry "bañadera".

"xrs":{
  "xrtis":{
    "xrti":{
      "xrt":"bañera",
      "xref":"ban~era"
    }
  }
}
    

XML Equivalent

<xrs>
  <xrtis>
    <xrti>
      <xrt>bañera</xrt>
      <xref>ban~era</xref>
    </xrti>
  </xrtis>
</xrs>
    

7.6 Gender Label: gl

In a bilingual dictionary, a gender label provides the grammatical gender for the immediately preceding translation of the headword. A gender label is contained in a gl.

Example

An instance of gl in the English-Spanish entry "abbey".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "dt":[
      [
        "text",
        "{bc}abad\u00eda "
      ],[
        "gl",
        "feminine"
      ]
    ]
  }
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sense>
  <dt>{bc}abadía
    <gl>feminine</gl>
  </dt>
</sense>
    

7.7 Gender Forms: gwds

In bilingual dictionaries, a headword translation may have multiple forms for different grammatical genders. In digital formats such forms are spelled out, while in space-constrained environments they may be presented in shortened cutback form. A set of gender words is marked by gwds, followed by a gender word cutback in gwc and a spelled-out gender word form in gwd.

Example

Use of gwds, gwc, and gwd in the English-Spanish entry "youngster".

[
  "sense",
  {
    "sn":"2",
    "dt":[
      ["text","{sx|child||} {bc}{a_link|chico} "],
      ["gl","masculine"],
      ["text",", "],
      [
        "gwds",
        {
          "gwc":"-ca",
          "gwd":"chica"
        }
      ],
      ["text"," "],
      ["gl","feminine"],
      ["text","; niño"],
      ["gl","masculine"],
      ["text",", "],
      [
        "gwds",
        {
          "gwc":"-ña",
          "gwd":"niña"
        }
      ],
      ["text"," "],
      ["gl","feminine"]
    ]
  }
]

XML Equivalent

<sense>
  <sn>2</sn>
  <dt>
    {sx|child||} {bc}chico 
    <gl>masculine</gl>,
    <gwds>
      <gwc>-ca</gwc>
      <gwd>chica</gwd>
    </gwds>
    <gl>feminine</gl>;
    niño 
    <gl>masculine</gl>,
    <gwds>
      <gwc>-ña</gwc>
      <gwd>niña</gwd>
    </gwds>
    <gl>feminine</gl>
  </dt>
</sense>

7.8 Verbal Illustration Translation: tr

In a bilingual dictionary, a verbal illustration has an accompanying translation to aid user comprehension. A verbal illustration translation is contained in a tr.

Example

Verbal illustration translations tr in the Spanish-English entry "ruina".

[
  [
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"3",
      "dt":[
        [
          "text",
          "{bc}collapse (of a building, etc.) "
        ],[
          "vis",
          [
            {
              "t":"amenazar ruina",
              "tr":"to threaten to collapse"
            }
          ]
        ]
      ]
    }
  ]
],[
  [
    "sense",
    {
      "sn":"4",
      "ins":[
        {
          "if":"ruinas",
          "spl":"noun feminine plural"
        }
      ],
      "dt":[
        [
          "text",
          "{bc}ruins, remains "
        ],[
          "vis",
          [
            {
              "t":"ruinas romanas",
              "tr":"Roman ruins"
            },{
              "t":"estar\/quedar en ruinas",
              "tr":"to be\/lie in ruins"
            }
          ]
        ]
      ]
    }
  ]
]
    

XML Equivalent

<sb>
  <sense>
    <sn>3</sn>
    <dt>{bc}collapse (of a building, etc.)
      <vis>
        <vi>
          <t>amenazar ruina</t>
          <tr>to threaten to collapse</tr>
        </vi>
      </vis>
    </dt>
  </sense>
</sb>
<sb>
  <sense>
    <sn>4</sn>
    <ins>
      <in>
        <if>ruinas</if>
        <spl>noun feminine plural</spl>
      </in>
    </ins>
    <dt>{bc}ruins, remains
      <vis>
        <vi>
          <t>ruinas romanas</t>
          <tr>Roman ruins</tr>
        </vi>
        <vi>
          <t>estar/quedar en ruinas</t>
          <tr>to be/lie in ruins</tr>
        </vi>
      </vis>
    </dt>
  </sense>
</sb>
    

7.9 Alternate Undefined Entry Word: aure

In bilingual dictionaries, an undefined entry word may have multiple forms according to grammatical gender and number. In digital formats such forms are spelled out, while in space-constrained environments they may be presented in shortened cutback form. An alternate undefined entry is marked up by aure, and contains an undefined entry word cutback in a urec as well as a spelled-out undefined entry word in a ure.

Example

Use of aure in the Spanish-English entry for "robot".

"uros":[
  {
    "ure":"rob\u00f3tico",
    "aure":{
      "urec":"-ca",
      "ure":"rob\u00f3tica"
    },
    "fl":"adjective"
  }
]

XML Equivalent

<uros>
  <uro>
    <ure>robótico</ure>
    <aure>
      <urec>-ca</urec>
      <ure>robótica</ure>
    </aure>
    <fl>adjective</fl>
  </uro>
</uros>

7.10 Verb Conjugations: cjts

A supplemental verb conjugation section is included in some bilingual dictionary entries. A set of verb conjugations is contained in a cjts.

Example

An instance of cjts in the Spanish-English entry "acaecer".

"suppl":{
  "cjts":[
    {
      "cjid":"gppt",
      "cjfs":["acaeciendo","acaecido"]
    },{
      "cjid":"pind",
      "cjfs":["-","-","acaece","-","-","acaecen"]
    },{
      "cjid":"pret",
      "cjfs":["-","-","acaec\u00eda","-","-","acaec\u00edan"]
    },{
      "cjid":"pprf",
      "cjfs":["-","-","acaeci\u00f3","-","-","acaecieron"]
    },{
      "cjid":"futr",
      "cjfs":["-","-","acaecer\u00e1","-","-","acaecer\u00e1n"]
    },{
      "cjid":"cond",
      "cjfs":["-","-","acaecer\u00eda","-","-","acaecer\u00edan"]
    },{
      "cjid":"psub",
      "cjfs":["-","-","acaezca","-","-","acaezcan"]
    },{
      "cjid":"pisb1",
      "cjfs":["-","-","acaeciera","-","-","acaecieran"]
    },{
      "cjid":"pisb2",
      "cjfs":["-","-","acaeciese","-","-","acaeciesen"]
    },{
      "cjid":"fsub",
      "cjfs":["-","-","acaeciere","-","-","acaecieren"]
    },{
      "cjid":"ppci",
      "cjfs":["-","-","ha acaecido","-","-","han acaecido"]
    },{
      "cjid":"ppsi",
      "cjfs":["-","-","hab\u00eda acaecido","-","-","hab\u00edan acaecido"]
    },{
      "cjid":"pant",
      "cjfs":["-","-","hubo acaecido","-","-","hubieron acaecido"]
    },{
      "cjid":"fpin",
      "cjfs":["-","-","habr\u00e1 acaecido","-","-","habr\u00e1n acaecido"]
    },{
      "cjid":"cpef",
      "cjfs":["-","-","habr\u00eda acaecido","-","-","habr\u00edan acaecido"]
    },{
      "cjid":"ppfs",
      "cjfs":["-","-","haya acaecido","-","-","hayan acaecido"]
    },{
      "cjid":"ppss1",
      "cjfs":["-","-","hubiera acaecido","-","-","hubieran acaecido"]
    },{
      "cjid":"ppss2",
      "cjfs":["-","-","hubiese acaecido","-","-","hubiesen acaecido"]
    },{
      "cjid":"fpsb",
      "cjfs":["-","-","hubiere acaecido","-","-","hubieren acaecido"]
    },{
      "cjid":"impf",
      "cjfs":["-","-","-","-","-","-"]
    }
  ]
}
    

XML Equivalent

<suppl>
  <cjts>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>gppt</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>acaeciendo</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecido</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>pind</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaece</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecen</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>pret</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecía</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecían</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>pprf</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaeció</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecieron</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>futr</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecerá</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecerán</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>cond</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecería</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecerían</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>psub</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaezca</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaezcan</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>pisb1</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaeciera</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecieran</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>pisb2</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaeciese</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaeciesen</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>fsub</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaeciere</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>acaecieren</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>ppci</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>ha acaecido</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>han acaecido</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>ppsi</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>había acaecido</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>habían acaecido</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>pant</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>hubo acaecido</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>hubieron acaecido</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>fpin</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>habrá acaecido</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>habrán acaecido</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>cpef</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>habría acaecido</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>habrían acaecido</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>ppfs</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>haya acaecido</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>hayan acaecido</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>ppss1</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>hubiera acaecido</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>hubieran acaecido</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>ppss2</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>hubiese acaecido</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>hubiesen acaecido</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>fpsb</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>hubiere acaecido</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>hubieren acaecido</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
    <cjt>
      <cjid>impf</cjid>
      <cjfs>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
        <cjf>-</cjf>
      </cjfs>
    </cjt>
  </cjts>
</suppl>